International Organizations: Legal Personality, Immunities, and Expropriation, Lecture notes of International Law

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THE CONTROVERSIES OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

IN A MODERN WORLD

PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD JAVERIANA

PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW

JUAN CAMILO DURAN TELLEZ

NATALIA GARCIA MUÑOZ

MARGARITA TORRES

“La Universidad no se hace responsable por los conceptos emitidos por sus alumnos en sus trabajos de tesis. Solo velará por que no se publique nada contrario al dogma y a la moral católica y por que las tesis no contengan ataques personales contra persona alguna, antes bien se vea en ellas el anhelo de buscar la verdad y la justicia”.

Bogotá, D.C., 10 de Septiembre de 2009 Trabajo de Grado Señores BIBLIOTECA GENERAL Cuidad Estimados Señores: Los suscritos JUAN CAMILO DURÁN TELLEZ con C.C. No. 1018 404 291, NATALIA GARCÍA MUÑOZ con C.C. No. 53 178 939 y MARGARITA TORRES ROMERO con C.C. No. 52 997 823 autor(es) de la tesis doctoral y/o trabajo de grado titulado THE CONTROVERSIES OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IN A MODERN WORLD presentado y aprobado en el año 2009 como requisito para optar al título de Abogados autorizamos a la Biblioteca General de la Universidad Javeriana para que con fines académicos, muestre al mundo la producción intelectual de la Universidad Javeriana, a través de la visibilidad de su contenido de la siguiente manera:

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• Continúo conservando los correspondientes derechos sin modificación o restricción alguna; puesto que de acuerdo con la legislación colombiana aplicable, el presente es un acuerdo jurídico que en ningún caso conlleva la enajenación del derecho de autor y sus conexos.

De conformidad con lo establecido en el artículo 30 de la Ley 23 de 1982 y el artículo 11 de la Decisión Andina 351 de 1993, “Los derechos morales sobre el trabajo son propiedad de los autores” , los cuales son irrenunciables, imprescriptibles, inembargables e inalienables. JUAN CAMILO DURÁN TELLEZ C.C. No. 1018 404 291 NATALIA GARCÍA MUÑOZ C.C. No. 53 178 939 MARGARITA TORRES ROMERO C.C. No. 52 997 823

DESCRIPCIÓN DEL TRABAJO DE GRADO THE CONTROVERSIES OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IN A MODERN WORLD AUTOR O AUTORES Apellidos Completos Nombres Completos Duran Téllez García Muñoz Torres Romero Juan Camilo Natalia Margarita DIRECTOR (ES) TESIS DOCTORAL O DEL TRABAJO DE GRADO Apellidos Completos Nombres Completos Álvarez Londoño Luis Fernando FACULTAD : CIENCIAS JURÍDICAS PROGRAMA: Carrera x Licenciatura ___ Especialización ____ Maestría ____ Doctorado

NOMBRE DEL PROGRAMA: DERECHO NOMBRES Y APELLIDOS DEL DIRECTOR DEL PROGRAMA: Dr. Hernando Gutiérrez CIUDAD: BOGOTA AÑO DE PRESENTACIÓN DEL TRABAJO DE GRADO : 2009 NÚMERO DE PÁGINAS 80 TIPO DE ILUSTRACIONES:

• Tablas ( Fichas Jurisprudenciales) SOFTWARE requerido y/o especializado para la lectura del documento MICROSOFT WORD DESCRIPTORES O PALABRAS CLAVES EN ESPAÑOL E INGLÉS: ESPAÑOL INGLÉS
• Organización Internacional
• Concepto Organización Internacional
• Organizaciones Internacionales sujetos de Derecho Internacional
• Personalidad legal de Organizaciones Internacionales,
• Responsabilidad de Organizaciones Internacionales,
• Privilegios e Inmunidades de
• International Organizations
• International Organizations concept
• International organizations as subjects of international law
• Legal personality of International Organizations
• Responsibility of International Organizations
• privileges and immunities of

Organizaciones Internacionales como sujetos de Derecho Internacional, Personalidad legal de Organizaciones Internacionales, Responsabilidad de Organizaciones Internacionales, Privilegios e Inmunidades de Organizaciones Internacionales, Condiciones de admisión a Organizaciones Internacionales, Contribución de Organizaciones Internacionales en la creación del Derecho Internacional y Modo pacífico de resolución de conflictos internacionales de las Organizaciones Internacionales. JUAN CAMILO DURÁN TELLEZ C.C. No. 1018 404 291 NATALIA GARCÍA MUÑOZ C.C. No. 53 178 939 MARGARITA TORRES ROMERO C.C. No. 52 997 823

2.3.1 Objective personality………………………………………………………………….. 2.3.2 Objective personality applies only to universal and quasi-universal International Organizations…………………………………………………...……….. 2.3.3International Organizations do not need to be universal Organizations in order to have objective personality…………………………………………………………………………. 2.3.4 The recognition or non-recognition of other non-member states does not affect objective legal personality………………………………………………………………………………1 6 2.4 CONSEQUENCES OF THE LEGAL PERSONALITY OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS………………………………………………………………………..…

3. RESPONSIBILITY OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ……………….. 3.1 RESPONSIBILITY OF AND TO INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS……….…1 8 3.1.1 Relations between International Organizations and other parties……………………… 3.1.2 Applicability if the Principles of State Responsibility………………………………….1 9 3.1.3 Responsibility to International Organizations…………………………………….…….1 9 3.1.4 Responsibility of International Organizations………………………………….………. 20 3.2 RESPONSIBILITY OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND CONDITIONS OF ADMISSION……………………………………………………………………………... 23 3.2.1 Minority Rights as a legal framework…………………………………………………..2 5 3.2.2 Economic Organizations And Human Rights…………………………………………..2 7 3.2.3 Special Protection of Human Rights as a non obligatory established objective in the Constituent Treaty…………………………………………………………………………….2 8 3.2.4 Limitation of Responsibility Clauses………………………………………………...…2 9 3.3 PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS…... 30 3.3.1 Why is it possible to establish that International Organizations enjoy privileged immunities?............................................................................................................................... 30 3.3.2 Privileges and Immunities as a necessity for the fulfillment of the purposes and functions of International Organizations……………………………………………………………….. 30 3.3.3 Privileges and Immunities as a necessity for the independence of International Organizations…………………………………………………………………………………. 31 3.3.4 Privileges and Immunities of the personnel of International Organizations…………… 32 3.4 OTHER VIEWS THAT DO NOT SUPPORT THAT IDEA: INTERNATIONAL…… 33 ORGANIZATIONS HAVE NO IMMUNITIES UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW 3.4.1 Immunities provided to the International Organization by International Agreements… 33

4. PEACEFUL DISPUTE SETTLEMENT BY INTERNATIONAL

• 3.4.2 Absence of Customary Law…………………………………………………………….
• 3.4.3 Functions of Privileges and Immunities in presence of Customary Law……………….3
• 3.5 EXPROPRIATION………………………………...……………………….……….….3
• 3.5.1 Classification of Expropriations…………………………………………………….…..3
• 3.5.2 Indirect Expropriation……………………………………………………………….….3
• 3.5.3 Justification for non-compensation………………………………….……………….…
• 3.5.4 Expropriation of foreign investors……………………………………………………...4
• 3.5.5 The police powers and regulation powers of the States and expropriation……………..4
• ORGANIZATIONS …………………………………………………………………………
• LAW ………………………………………………………………………………………… 5. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AS SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL
• INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS …………………………………………….…... 6. IMPORTANCE OF TREATY LAW WRITING PROCEDURE BY
• 7. CONCLUSIONS …………………………………………………………………………
• 8. ANNEX - JURISPRUDENCE LAW CARDS …………………………………………
  • STATES……………………………………………………………………………...… A. BANKOVIĆ AND OTHERS V. BELGIUM AND 16 OTHER CONTRACTING
  • B. YERODIA – ARREST WARRANT…………………………………………….…..
  • C. GABCIKOVO-NAGYMAROS PROJECT……………………….……...…………
  • SOUTH AFRICA IN NAMIBIA………………………………………………….…… D. LEGAL CONSEQUENCES FOR STATES OF THE CONTINUED PRESENCE OF
  • E. THE REPUBLIC OF NICARAGUA V. THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA....
  • F. OSCAR CHINN CASE………………………………………………………………
  • G. FREDIN V. SWEEDEN………………………………………………...…………...
  • H. DUSKO TADIC TRIAL…………………...………………………………………..
  • I. COMPARISON BETWEEN NICARAGUA AND TADIC CASES…………….….
  • J. THE FACTORY AT CHORZÓW…………………….……………………….…….
  • K. S.S WIMBLEDON………...……………….………………………………….…….
• INDEX OF AUTHORITIES (BIBLIOGRAPHY )…………………..…………………….

hypothesis of International Organization and try to establish a universal International Organizations position and rules. In the following work we explore some of the problematic situations that International Organizations face today, such as: the concept of International Organizations, International organizations as subjects of international law, legal personality of International Organizations, responsibility of International Organizations, privileges and immunities of International Organizations, conditions of admission to International Organizations, contribution of International Organizations in the creation of International law, and peaceful dispute settlement of International Organizations. Since there is not a unique regime regarding International Organizations due to the lack of legislation, there have been many interpretations about the different concerns that International Organizations deal with. For this reason, we have introduced some hypothetical and real cases in which the responsibility of International Organizations might be involved. We consider that International Organizations are the most important subjects of International Public Law. Thus, this work summarizes the different positions concerning some aspects of International Organizations. We express our point of view about International Organizations and why we consider International Organizations must have legal personality, must have a unified regime, must be responsible of their own acts, must have privileges and immunities, must have their own jurisdiction, must have the capacity to bring international claims, must act as sources of development of International law and must have the same prerogatives of other subjects of International law.

1. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

1.1 Controversies of International Organizations As mentioned before, there are many questions without a unanimous answer and many theories around International Organizations. Being a subject of international law implies certain rights, obligations and powers. Additionally, it implies certain consequences. Concerning International Organizations as legal persons and as subjects of international law, there are different aspects that do not have unique resolutions. There are different questions towards which there are no unanimous positions: Do International Organizations have legal personality? When and how have they acquired it?^3 Are International Organizations subjects of international law? What is an International Organization? Which are the essential characteristics of an International Organization? How is the responsibility of International Organizations? Do International Organizations enjoy privileges and immunities? Regarding these questions, there are different views and positions. In the following, we are going to show them and we will establish our own theories 1.2 Definitions of International Organizations According to the definition provided by the Law Commission in its Report on the work of its fifty-fourth session, “Conventions adopted under the auspices of the United Nations restrict the meaning of the term International Organizations to intergovernmental Organizations, implying by these Organizations that States have established by means of a treaty or exceptionally, as in the case of OSCE, without a treaty.” “…It is to be assumed that international law endows these International Organizations with legal personality because otherwise their conduct would be attributed to their members and no question of an Organization’s responsibility under international law would arise.”^4 (^3) Amerasinghe, C. F., Supra note. (Ob.cit. Amerasinghe) (Ibid) (^4) Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, U.N.GAOR, 56th Sess., Supp. No. 10, Comment 1, at 43, U.N.Doc.A/56/10 (2001) [hereinafter ILC Draft]; Crawford James, The international law commission’s articles on state responsibility introduction, text and commentaries 91 (2002).

The object of the constituent instrument is to create a new subject of law endowed with certain autonomy, to which the parties entrust the task of conducting common goals. This was established by ICJ in its advisory opinion on the Legality of the Use by a State of Nuclear Weapons in Armed Conflict.^14 The Vienna Convention of the Law of Treaties in Article 31 indicates that international instruments must be understood in their context and in the light of its object and purpose.^15 In order to determine the purpose of the treaty, it would be necessary to go beyond its words.^16 It should be insinuated, even if it is not textually expressed, that the treaty intends to create an International Organization. The constituent treaty of the European Union does not textually state that this entity is an International Organization,^17 although there is clarity of this intention due to the actions of the signatory parties and of a harmonic interpretation of the whole international text, where record is made, without any doubt, that the European Union is an International Organization.^18 A question cannot be inferred from the constituent instrument of other international entities because, contrary to the European Union constituent treaty,^19 what can be concluded from the object of the constitutive treaty of those international groups is that the will of the States is just to conform a gathering of States in which their organs are not entrusted with tasks that have to be fulfilled independently of the will of the states.^20 It is important to note, that it is possible for states to create a small regional association, with the aim of assisting the implementation of a treaty or a conference, with precise functions,^21 even for limited or long periods of time and without conferring it international legal personality.^22 This is exemplified by the debate and growth of concern for the legal status of entities such as the former GATT^23 or the OSCE. (^1413) Legality of the use by a state of nuclear weapons in armed conflict, Advisory opinion, I.C.J. 64 July 8,

(^1514) Vienna Convention on the Law of the Treaties, May. 23, 1969. (^1615) May Sorensen, Manual of International Public Law 228-232 (Fondo de Cultura Económica 1994). (^1716) The Treaty on European Union, Feb. 7, 1992, in force as of Nov. 1, 1993. (^1817) Gautier, Philippe, The Reparation for Injuries Revisited: The personality of the European Union 331, 361 (J.A. Froweinan and R. Wolfrum eds. Max Planck Year Book Of U.N. Law). (^1918) The Treaty on European Union, Feb. 7, 1992, in force as of Nov. 1, 1993. (^20) Schermers H. & Blokker N., International Institutional Law 21 (3d ed. 1995). (^21) Álvarez Londoño Luis Fernando S.J., Derecho internacional público 74, 83 (Bogotá, Javegraf). (^22) Szasz P., The complexification of the U.N. System 17 (Max Planck UNYB 3 1999). (^23) Jackson J., WTO and the Law of Gatt 119 (1969).

International Organizations are governed by the ‘principle of specialty’,^24 which means they have limited competence and field of action, and they are invested with powers limited by functions of the common interest whose promotion the creating states entrust on it. Consequently, taking into consideration what we mentioned in the two chapters above we propose a definition of International Organizations : An international organization is a collectivity of states established by a treaty under International law; created with the competence and field of action that the founding fathers give to it, with a different personality from that of the member states, capable of responding for its own actions and having the capacity to defend its rights as a subject of international law. Therefore, in our opinion the characteristics of an International Organization are:

1. Is established by states
2. Is a subject of international law
3. Has personality, different from that of its member states
4. Has a constituent instrument
5. Has a limited competence and field of action
6. Has its own rights and obligations
7. Responds under international law and it can defend its rights
8. Is established under international law
9. Has its own authorities and organs 1.4. International Organizations as subjects of International Law 1.4.1 Subjects of international law The most important effect of being a subject under international law is that such subjects are entities capable of possessing international rights and obligations and have the capacity to maintain their rights by bringing international claims. This consequence was established by the International Court of Justice in its advisory opinion on Reparation for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United Nations.^25 In that way, we can see that the concept of being a subject of international law is related to the concept of legal personality. If an entity has the capacities and characteristics (^24) “International Organizations are governed by the "principle of speciality", that is to say, they are invested by the States which create them with powers, the limits of which are a function of the common interests whose promotion those States entrust to them.” INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE. Advisory opinion. LEGALITY OF THE USE BY A STATE OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS IN ARMED CONFLICT. General List No. 93. 8 July 1996. "As the European Commission is not a State, but an international institution with a special purpose, it only has the functions bestowed upon it by the Definitive Statute with a view to the fulfillment of that purpose, but it has power to exercise those functions to their full extent, in so far as the Statute does not impose restrictions on it." (Jurisdiction of the European Commission of the Danube, Advisory Opinion, P.C.I.J., Series B, No. 14, p. 64.) (^25) Reparation for Injuries Suffered in The Service of The United Nations Apr. 11, 1949.