Networking Concepts: Principles, Standards, Components, and Addressing - Prof. eskululu, Assignments of Compiler Design

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Instructor Materials

Chapter 7: Networking

Concepts

IT Essentials v6.

Chapter 7:

Networking Concepts

IT Essentials v6.

7.1 Principles of

Networking

Principles of Networking Computer Networks  (^) Computer Network Devices and Components

• (^) Host Devices – any device that sends and receives information on the network (computer, printer, etc.)
• (^) Intermediary Devices – exist in between host devices
• (^) Media – component over which the message travels from source to destination  (^) Can you name each device or component shown here?

7.2 Networking Standards

Networking Standards Reference Models  (^) Organizations, such as lEEE, IETF, and ISO, develop open standards for networks so that any client running any operating system can access network resources.  (^) The OSI model and the TCP/IP model are both reference models used to describe the data communication process.  (^) As application data is passed down through the layers, protocol information is added at each level. This is known as the encapsulation process.

7.3 Physical Components

of a Network

Physical Components of a Network Network Devices  (^) Modems convert a computer’s digital data into a format that can be transmitted on the ISP’s network.  (^) Switches microsegment LANs by sending data only to the computer that needs it.  (^) Wireless access points (APs) connect wireless devices. Routers use IP addresses to forward traffic to other networks.  (^) In a home or small office, a route often includes a switch, a firewall, and an AP.

Physical Components of a Network Cables and Connectors  (^) Twisted-pair is the most popular type of cabling used in LANs today.  (^) There are two different twisted-pair wiring schemes: called T568A and T568B.  (^) Each wiring scheme defines the pinout, or order of wire connections, on the end of the cable.  (^) Two types of cables can be created: a straight- through cable and a crossover cable.  (^) A straight-through cable is the most common cable type. The wiring scheme is the same on both sides.  (^) A crossover cable uses both wiring schemes. T568A on one end of the cable and T568B on the other end of the same cable.

7.4 Basic Networking

Concepts and

Technologies

Basic Networking Concepts and Technologies Networked Equipment Addressing  (^) Host devices need both addresses to communicate on the network.

• (^) MAC addresses do not change when devices move from one network to another.
• (^) IP addresses change because they are based on where the device is in the network.

Basic Networking Concepts and Technologies Networked Equipment Addressing  (^) An IPv4 address is composed of two parts. The first part identifies the network. The second part identifies a host on that network.  (^) Computers and routers use the subnet mask to calculate the network portion of the destination IPv4 address.  (^) A one bit in the subnet mask means that bit is part of the network portion. So the first 24 bits of the 192.168.200.8 address are network bits. The last 8 bits are host bits.

Basic Networking Concepts and Technologies Transport Layer Protocols  (^) The two protocols that operate at the transport layer are Transport Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

• (^) TCP is considered reliable, because it ensures that all of the data arrives at the destination.
• (^) UDP does not provide for any reliability.

Basic Networking Concepts and Technologies Transport Layer Protocols  (^) TCP and UDP use a source and destination port number to keep track of application conversations.  (^) The destination port number is associated with the destination application on the remote device.  (^) The source port number is dynamically generated by the sending device.