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Integ. NSC exam 1 (long)
Name the 5 qualities of information to encode - correct answer ✔✔Modality Intensity Duration Location Salience What are the 5 factors that influence success or failure? - correct answer ✔✔Fatigue (sensory overload --> neuron stops firing) Adaptation (expression can change) Sensitization Overlap/redundancy T/F: A beta (β) are myelinated - correct answer ✔✔True In the somatosensory system, what are the first order neurons? - correct answer ✔✔The first neurons that receive sensory input and carry it into the CNS. Merkel cells, Meissner cells, etc. What kind of axons do the 1st order neurons in the Somatosensory system have? - correct answer ✔✔Aβ (A beta) When talking about receptive fields in relation to neurons, we consider them to be - correct answer ✔✔The neurons dendritic tree
A large receptive fields would indicate - correct answer ✔✔areas where receptor density is low, and covers wide arreas of the skin. If there is an area of your skin with high receptor density, what might this indicate? Where on the body might there be high receptor density? - correct answer ✔✔This is a small area of the skin. Areas where precise, fine motor movement is involved. (fingertips, lips) If you were to conduct a two-point threshold test on an area of the skin that has high receptor density, what would be the outcome and why? - correct answer ✔✔There would be a perceived 2 separate touch due to many neurons (many dendritic trees) concentrated here. More than one neuron is present in the area to receive the touch stimulus. What sensory receptor cell lies within the epidermis, and is responsible for motion detection and grip? - correct answer ✔✔Merkel cells The sensory receptor cell that is responsible for interpreting shape and texture is what? - correct answer ✔✔Meissner corpuscle The sensory receptor responsible for interpreting stretch is what? - correct answer ✔✔Ruffini's corpuscle Vibration on the skin is perceived by which sensory receptor cell? - correct answer ✔✔Pacinian corpuscle Merkel cells - correct answer ✔✔Detect motion and grip, lie within the epidermis, have small receptive fields, and are slowly adapting. Meissner's corpuscles - correct answer ✔✔Interpret shape and texture, lie within the most superficial part of the dermis, have small receptive fields, and are rapidly adapting Ruffini corpuscles - correct answer ✔✔Interpret stretch, are the 2nd deepest in the dermis, have large receptive fields, and are slowly adapting
In the DCML pathway, the first order neuron synapses where? Where does decussation happen? - correct answer ✔✔Depending on which dorsal column tract, it will synapse either in the nucleus cuneatus or nucleus gracilis Where does the 2nd order neuron of the DCML pathway synapse? - correct answer ✔✔In the contralateral thalamus (after decussation in the medulla) Where in the thalamus is touch from the body/back of head being processed? - correct answer ✔✔In the Ventral Posterior Lateral Complex (VPL) Third order neurons travel from the ____ , through the ____ , and synapse on the primary somatosensory cortex (_____) - correct answer ✔✔Thalamus, Internal capsule, Post central gyrus The dorsal trigeminothalamic tract is the pathway for what? - correct answer ✔✔Touch perception on the face Where do 1st order neurons of the dorsal trigeminothalamic tract synapse? - correct answer ✔✔In the pons (Principal nucleus) The 1st order neuron of the dorsal trigeminothalamic tract is - correct answer ✔✔The trigeminal nerve Where & When does decussation occur in the dorsal trigeminothalamic tract occur?
- correct answer ✔✔It occurs at the pons and happens immediately after the 1st oder neuron synapses here. Second order neurons of the dorsal trigeminothalamic tract synapse where? - correct answer ✔✔In the contralateral Ventral Posterior Medial Nucleus of the thalamus (VPM) Proprioceptor have which axon type? - correct answer ✔✔Aα
Where are muscle spindles found? - correct answer ✔✔within skeletal muscles Muscle spindles have which group of afferents? - correct answer ✔✔Group 1a afferents What are the purpose of muscle spindles? - correct answer ✔✔They detect stretch, sense how much and how fast a muscle is lengthened or shortened Group 1a afferents - correct answer ✔✔largest myelinated axon and are rapidly adapting, transmit info about velocity and direction of movement Group 2 afferents - correct answer ✔✔are intrafusal, and respond to static (sustained) stretch Golgi tendon organs - correct answer ✔✔Tells us how much tension the muscle is exerting. Have group 1b afferents Group 1b afferents - correct answer ✔✔Are found in golgi tendon organ, respond to muscle tension, used in resistance training Large muscles that are used in coarse movements have ______ spindles while muscles that are used in fine movements have ____ spindles - correct answer ✔✔Few ; Many You would find a high concentration of muscle spindles in muscles that - correct answer ✔✔are used for precise control What type of axons do free nerve endings have? - correct answer ✔✔Aδ & C fibers Aδ axons are _____ myelinated while C axons are ______ - correct answer ✔✔Lightly ; Unmyelinated Free nerve endings detect ____ & _____ and are found in the ____ - correct answer ✔✔Pain & Temperature ; Epidermis
In the pathways for pain & temp, Aδ fibers synapse in which laminae? - correct answer ✔✔Laminae 1 & 5 In the pathways for pain & temp, where do C fibers synapse? (laminae) - correct answer ✔✔Laminae 2 The ciliary body of the eye consists of - correct answer ✔✔The muscle and the process The uveal layer of the eye consists of - correct answer ✔✔The choroid (capillaries + melanin) Ciliary body Iris The watery substance on the surface of the eye is known as _____ and is produced by the _______ - correct answer ✔✔Aqueous humor ; ciliary process Zonule fibers and the ciliary muscles work to ______. - correct answer ✔✔Constrict & Dilate pupils Structurally, what is the difference in myopia & emmetropia? - correct answer ✔✔Thee eyeball is longer in shape Since the eyeball is longer in shape in those with myopia, this leads to - correct answer ✔✔The image (light rays) focusing in front of where it normally should. What type of lenses are used to correct myopia? What are some characteristics? - correct answer ✔✔Concave lenses ; Thicker on the outside and thinner on the inside Myopia is the scientific term for - correct answer ✔✔nearsightedness Hyperopia is the scientific term for - correct answer ✔✔farsightedness
Structurally, what is the difference in hyperopia from emmetropia? - correct answer ✔✔The eyeball is too short Since the eyeball is too short in those with hyperopia, what is the outcome? - correct answer ✔✔This leads to the image being focused behind the retina What kind of lenses are used to correct hyperopia? What are its characteristics - correct answer ✔✔Convex lens ; thicker on the center, thinner on the outside The eye accommodates for close vision by ____ which allows the lens to become more ___ - correct answer ✔✔tightening the ciliary muscles ; rounded Whenever the ciliary muscles contract, the zonule fibers ____ - correct answer ✔✔relax Whenever the ciliary muscles relax, the zonule fibers ____ - correct answer ✔✔contract accomodation of the lens essentially means - correct answer ✔✔the dynamic changes in the refractive power of the lens Because light rays from distant objects are nearly parallel.... - correct answer ✔✔The eye doesn't need much accommodation to keep them in focus Light rays of close objects - correct answer ✔✔diverge and need more refraction (accommodation) for focusing Amacrine cells are located - correct answer ✔✔between bipolar cells & ganglion cells Horizontal cells are located - correct answer ✔✔between bipolar cells & photoreceptors
A patient comes into the clinic saying that she can't see in the center of her visual field but can still see in her periphery. We later find some debris between the retina and the choroid. What's wrong with her? - correct answer ✔✔Patient has The Dry Form of Macular Degeneration. The Dry Form of Macular Degeneration is characterized by - correct answer ✔✔- the most common
- debris between the retina and choroid
- disappearance of retinal pigment epithelium The Wet Form of Macular Degeneration is characterized by - correct answer ✔✔- the most severe
- growth of blood vessels in the choroid
- possible retina detachment How do we treat the wet form of macular degeneration? - correct answer ✔✔- laser coagulation
- medication to stop the growth of blood vessels What are the functions of horizontal & amacrine cells? - correct answer ✔✔- They enable interactions between photoreceptors and bipolar cells
- Maintain contrast over different light intensities (luminance) What is the scotoma? - correct answer ✔✔blind spot What is Meyer's loop? - correct answer ✔✔Visual pathway in the occipital lobe that covers top half of visual info What is the calcarine sulcus? - correct answer ✔✔separates the occipital lobe into superior and inferior halves
The superior half of the calcarine sulcus is referred to as the ____ while the inferior half is the ______ - correct answer ✔✔cuneus gyrus ; lingual gyrus The dorsal layers of the LGN (layers 3-6) have what kind of cells? - correct answer ✔✔Parvocellular & koniocellular cells The ventral layers of the LGN (layers 1-2) have what kind of cells? - correct answer ✔✔Magnocellular cells We call the ventral stream of the visual system the ___ stream and the dorsal stream the ____ stream - correct answer ✔✔what ; where Characteristics of Magnocellular cells - correct answer ✔✔- large receptive fields
- no color transmission
- Insensitivity to wavelength differences
- Respond to presentation of visual stimuli
- high temporal resolution Damage to magnocellular cells have what kind of implications? - correct answer ✔✔- inability to perceive rapidly changing stimuli (inability to track moving objects) Characteristics of parvocellular cells - correct answer ✔✔- small receptive fields
- slower conduction velocity
- color transmission
- sensitive to different wavelengths
- High spatial resolution Damage to parvocellular cells leads to - correct answer ✔✔impairment in visual acuity & color perception
The ____ is the smallest skeletal muscle and is connected to the stapes - correct answer ✔✔Stapedius muscle The ____ is the muscle connected to the malleus - correct answer ✔✔tensor tympani muscle Characteristics of the cochlea - correct answer ✔✔- converts sound into neural impulses
- analyzes frequency
- auditory nerve connected here
- sound enters oval window
- round window dampens the movement of the fluid The organ of corti is housed within the - correct answer ✔✔scala media of the cochlea Where are hair cells located? How are they aranged? - correct answer ✔✔In the organ of corti ; by height What hair cells are the receptors for hearing? - correct answer ✔✔Inner hair cells What's the function of outer hair cells? - correct answer ✔✔They receive efferents from the brain and amplify the traveling waves What chamber(s) of the cochlea contain perilymph? Is perilymph high or low in potassium? - correct answer ✔✔Scala vestibuli, Scala tympani ; low in potassium What chamber(s) of the cochlea contain endolymph? Is endolymph high or low in potassium? - correct answer ✔✔Scala media ; High in potassium The basal end of the cochlea responds well to high or low frequencies? - correct answer ✔✔High
The apical end of the cochlea (the apex) responds well to high or low frequencies? - correct answer ✔✔Low What is the first order neuron in the auditory pathway? - correct answer ✔✔The cochlear nerve Where does the first order neuron synapse in the auditory pathway? - correct answer ✔✔The cochlear nucleus of the medulla The 2nd order neuron of the auditory pathway synapses where? - correct answer ✔✔The superior olive The 3rd order neuron of the auditory pathway synapses where? - correct answer ✔✔The inferior colliculus The 4th order neuron of the auditory pathway synapses where? - correct answer ✔✔The medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) of the thalamus After auditory info reaches the MGN, where does it proceed? - correct answer ✔✔The auditory cortex What's the anatomical name for the auditory cortex? - correct answer ✔✔Heschl's Gyrus interaural time difference (ITD) - correct answer ✔✔the difference in arrival time of the same sound at the two ears (for sounds below 1.6 KHZ) interaural intensity difference - correct answer ✔✔difference between the intensity of a sound at one ear and at the other ear (for sounds above 1.6KHZ) What is conductive hearing loss? - correct answer ✔✔hearing loss that is due to diminished sound reaching middle and inner ear.
