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Integumentary System: Anatomy, Function, and Sensation, Lecture notes of Anatomy

Karel De Grote HogeschoolAnatomy

An in-depth exploration of the Integumentary System, discussing its functions, including protection, thermoregulation, excretion, and sensation. the anatomy of the skin, including the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, as well as the various layers and cell types present. It also delves into the role of the integumentary system in coloration, skin pigmentation, and diseases associated with it.

Typology: Lecture notes

2021/2022

Uploaded on 08/05/2022

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Page 1
Chapter 5
Integumentary System
Integument Function:
1) Protection:
a) Physical (e.g., cuts, abrasions, tears)
• Tough: Keratinized cells
• Stretchy: Elastic / collagen fibers
• Bouncy: Adipose tissue (shock absorption)
b) Chemical
• Impermeable (non-porous)
c) Biological (e.g., bacteria)
• Arid / low nutrient surface
• Acid / antibody secretions
d) Environmental (e.g., UV radiation)
• Melanin (pigment)
2) Thermoregulation:
• Adipose tissue (insulation)
• Vascular perfusion
• Sweat glands
4) Excretion & Secretion
3) Sensation:
• Pain (nociceptors)
• Touch (light vs. heavy pressure)
• Salts, water, waste (sweat glands)
• Milk (mammary glands)
Marieb & Hoehn – Figure 5.1
Chapter 5: Integumentary System
Anatomy of Integument:
1) Cutaneous Membrane (Skin):
Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis
Subcutaneous
layer
Attach skin to
muscle / bone
Chapter 5: Integumentary System Marieb & Hoehn – Figure 5.1
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Page 1

Chapter 5

Integumentary System

Integument Function:

1) Protection:

a) Physical (e.g., cuts, abrasions, tears)

  • Tough: Keratinized cells
  • Stretchy: Elastic / collagen fibers
  • Bouncy: Adipose tissue (shock absorption) b) Chemical
  • Impermeable (non-porous) c) Biological (e.g., bacteria)
  • Arid / low nutrient surface
  • Acid / antibody secretions d) Environmental (e.g., UV radiation)
  • Melanin (pigment)

2) Thermoregulation:

  • Adipose tissue (insulation)
  • Vascular perfusion
  • Sweat glands

4 ) Excretion & Secretion

3) Sensation:

  • Pain (nociceptors)
  • Touch (light vs. heavy pressure)
  • Salts, water, waste (sweat glands)
  • Milk (mammary glands) Chapter 5: Integumentary System^ Marieb & Hoehn^ –^ Figure 5.

Anatomy of Integument:

1) Cutaneous Membrane (Skin):

Epidermis

Dermis

Hypodermis

Subcutaneous layer Attach skin to muscle / bone Chapter 5: Integumentary System^ Marieb & Hoehn^ –^ Figure 5.

Page 2

Anatomy of Epidermis:

  • Epithelial tissue (stratified squamous)
  • Avascular (i.e., no blood vessels)
  • Function = Protection
    • Thin vs. thick skin

Cell Types Present:

1) Keratinocytes (most common)

2) Melanocytes

  • Melanin (skin pigment)

3) Langerhans cells

  • Macrophages (defense) keratin Chapter 5: Integumentary System (^) Callus: Epidermis thickening due to repeated friction

4 ) Merkel cells (touch receptors)

Layers (Strata):

1) Stratum Basale (Germinativum):

  • Innermost layer
  • Form epidermal ridges
    • Fingerprints (unique)

2) Stratum Spinosum:

  • Cells connect (desmosomes) Chapter 5: Integumentary System

Anatomy of Epidermis:

  • Actively dividing cells (basal cells)
  • Melanocytes
  • Merkel cells
  • Langerhan’s cells

Anatomy of Epidermis:

  • Organelles disintegrate
  •  protein / enzyme content
    • Keratin production
    • Glycolipids (water resistant)
      • Insensible perspiration

3) Stratum Granulosum:

5) Stratum Corneum:

  • Outermost layer
  • Dead, keratinized cells
    • Constantly shed (40 lbs. / lifetime) Keratinocyte Life Span: ~ 6 weeks
  • Only present in thick skin Chapter 5: Integumentary System

Layers (Strata):

4) Stratum Lucidum:

Page 4

  •  levels UV light beneficial:

Calcium

Cholesterol (Modified) Vitamin D Uptake

Sunlight

  •  levels UV light detrimental:

Skin Cancers (DNA damage)

Sqamous Cell Carcinoma (stratum spinosum) Basal Cell Carcinoma (stratum basale) Most common Melanoma (Melanocytes) Most dangerous Chapter 5: Integumentary System

Epidermal Characteristics :

2) Colored:

1) Relatively impermeable (keratin & glycolipids)

  • Oils / lipids can penetrate epidermis (slowly) a) Pigments
    • Carotene (orange-yellow) : Accumulates inside cells
    • Melanin (brown; yellow-brown; black): Produced by melanocytes Chapter 5: Integumentary System

b) Dermal circulation:

  • Blood vessels under skin = Pinkish tint (hemoglobin)
    • Cyanosis = Low blood oxygen level (dark red blood) Perioral cyanosis Peripheral cyanosis Poison Oak Nicotine Patch

Diseases Associated with Skin Pigmentation :

1) Jaundice:

  • Accumulation of yellowish pigment (bilirubin)

2) Pituitary Tumor:

  • Overproduction of melanocyte-stimulating hormone

3) Addison’s Disease:

  • Overproduction of adrenocorticotropic hormone

4) Vitiligo:

  • Loss of melanocytes (autoimmune disease)
    • Liver malfunction (does not secrete bile)
    • Mimics melanocyte-stimulating hormone Chapter 5: Integumentary System

Page 5

Anatomy of Integument:

1) Cutaneous Membrane (Skin):

Epidermis

Dermis

Hypodermis

Subcutaneous layer Attach skin to muscle / bone Chapter 5: Integumentary System^ Marieb & Hoehn^ –^ Figure 5.

Anatomy of Dermis:

1) Papillary Layer (superficial):

  • Loose connective tissue
  • Supports / nourishes epidermis
    • Capillaries; nerves Blister: Dermis / epidermis separation Stretch marks Chapter 5: Integumentary System papillae^ Dermal Tattoos: Ink placed in dermis Cleavage Lines (Surgical importance)

2 ) Reticular Layer (deep):

  • Dense, irregular connective tissue
    • Collagen fibers: strength
    • Elastic fibers: stretch / recoil

Burns: Tissue damage inflicted by heat, electricity, chemicals, radiation

1st Degree

Epidermis

Severity = Depth of Damage

2nd Degree

Epidermis & dermis Blisters

3rd Degree

Epidermis, dermis & hypodermis

Burn (tissue damage)

 Perfusion

Water / electrolyte loss

 blood pressure

Circulatory Shock

Chapter 5: Integumentary System

Page 7

  • Function:
    1. Scalp: protection & insulation
    2. Body:
  • Hair growth affected by age, stress and diet (e.g., alopecia)
    • Insulation (arrector pili = muscles) hair plexi
    • Sensation ( e.g. , insect detection) Chapter 5: Integumentary System

3) Hairs (pili - ~ 2.5 million / body):

Skin Appendages:

Marieb & Hoehn – Figure 5.

  • Keratinized, dead cells (body of nail)
  • Nail root = site of growth

4) Nails:

Marieb & Hoehn – Figure 5. 3 ) Ears / Nose / Eye:

  • Protection (trap particles)