Integumentary System: Structure, Function, and Repair, Exams of Anatomy

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Anatomy and Physiology: Chapter 5

What are the two major components of the integumentary system? - Cutaneous membrane Accessory structures What are the two components of the cutaneous membrane? - Epidermis Dermis Hypodermis - Loose connective tissue deep to the dermis that separates the integument from the deep fascia around other organs What are the general functions of the skin and hypodermis? (7) - Protection of underlying tissues and organs Excretion of salts, water, and organic wastes Maintenance of body temperature Production of keratin Synthesis of vitamin D Storage of lipids Detection of touch, pressure, pain, and temperature stimuli What layer is in thick skin and not in thin skin? - Stratum Lucidum Where do you find thick skin? - Palms of the hands and soles of the feet What are the layers of the skin from most deep to most superficial? - Stratum basale Stratum spinosum Stratum granulosum Stratum lucidum Stratum corneum What are thet wo factors in the color of the epidermis? - Dermal blood supply Epidermal pigmentation Insensible perspiration - Water loss that you are unable to feel or see Sensible perspiration -

Water loss that you are aware of Carotene - Orange-yellow pigment that noramlly accumalates in epidermal cells Keratin - Tough, fibrous protein that is the basic component of hair and nails Keratinization - The formation of protective, superficial layers of cells filled with keratin Melanin - A brown, yellow-brown, or black pigment produced by melanocytes Where will you find melanocytes? - Stratum basale What protects your skin from significant amounts of ultraviolet radiation? - Melanin What is the name of the pigment in red blood cells? - Hemoglobin Cyanosis - When skin takes on a blue coloration How is vitamin D3 made in the body? - When epidermal cells in the stratum spinosum and stratum basale are exposed to ultraviolet radiation and convert a cholesterol related steroid ito the vitamin What vitamin is needed in order to synthesize the hormone calcitrol? - Vitamin D What is the ABCDE of skin cancer characteristics? - A - Asymmetry B - Border C - Color D - Diameter E - Evolution What are some of the roles of EGF? (4) - Promoting the division of basal cells in the stratum basale and stratum spinosum Accelerating the production of keratin in differentiating keratinocytes Stimulating epidermal development and epidermal repair after injury Stimulating synthetic activity and secretion by epithelial glands What are the two major components in the dermis? - Papillary layer Reticular layer

Dermatitis - An inflammation of the skin that primarily involves the papillary layer What happens when you cut parallel to a cleavage line? - It will usually remain closed and heal with little scarring What do nerve fibers in the skin do? (3) - Control blood flow Adjust gland secretion rates Monitor sensory receptors in the dermis and the deepest layers of the epidermis Tactile discs - Sensory terminals that monitor the tactile cells located in the deepest layers of the epidermis Tactile corpuscles - Receptors that are sensitive to light touch that are located in the dermal papillae Lamellated corpuscles - Receptors that are sensitive to deep pressure and vibration that are located in the reticular layer What is one reason why the hypodermis is important? - It is important in stabilizing the position of the skin in relation to underlying tissues while permitting independent movement What are the functions of subcutaneous fat? - Provides extra insulation Reduce heat loss Energy reserve Shock absorber What surrounds the base of each hair follicle? - A plexus of sensory nerves What happens when the arrector pili contracts? - It causes "goose bumps" Club hair - When a follicle becomes inactive at the end of the hair growth cycle Vellus hairs - Fine "peach fuzz" hairs located all over the body Terminal hairs - Heavy, more deeply pigmented, and sometimes curly Why do people get white hairs? (2) - Lack of pigment Presence of air bubbles in medulla of the hair shaft

Sebaceous glands - (Oil glands) Holocrine glands that discharge an oily lipid secretion into hair follicles What are some functions of sebum? (3) - Inhibits the growth of bacteria Lubricates and protects keratin of hair shaft Conditions surrounding skin Sebaceous follicles - Large sebaceous glands that are not associated with hair follicles; their ducts discharge sebum onto the epidermis Seborrheic dermatitis - An inflammation around abnormally active sebaceous glands What are the two types of sudoriferous glands? - Apocrine sweat glands Merocrine sweat glands Apocrine glands (Locations and discharge locations) - Located in the armpits, around the nipples, and in the pubic region Secrete their products into hair follicles Merocrine glands/eccrine (Discharge locations) - Secrete their products directly onto the surface of skin What are the functions of merocrine sweat gland activity? (3) - Cooling the surface of the skin to reduce body temperature Excreting water and electrolytes Providing protection from environmental hazards Ceruminous glands - Modified sweat glands in the passageway of the external ear What controls the activation and deactivation of sebaceous and apocrine glands at the subconscious level? - Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Where does nail production occur? - Nail root What does the body of the nail consist of? - Dead, tightly compressed cells packed with keratin Granulation tissue - The combination of blood clot, fibroblasts, and an extensive capillary network Keloid - Thick, raised area of scar tissue

What are the four steps for the repair of injury to the integument? - Inflammatory phase Migratory phase Proliferation phase Maturation phase