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Internet Addressing - E-Commerce - Lecture Slides, Slides of Fundamentals of E-Commerce

Birla Institute of Technology and Science Fundamentals of E-Commerce

Students of Computer Science, study E-Commerce as an auxiliary subject. these are the key points discussed in these Lecture Slides of E-Commerce : Internet Addressing, Global Identification, Local Naming, Computers, Users, Services, Documents, Internet Addresses, Leased Line Connection, Supplementary Services

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2012/2013

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3-11

Electronic Commerce (WS-02/03)

Internet Addressing

Global identification of computers

oLocal naming within domains: sts.tu-harburg.de

tu-harburg.de

hamburg.de

marinfo.net

structured logically, stable

oNon-ambiguous Internet addresses 134.100.11.156

compact, efficient, limited (32 bit)

Global identification of further resources (persons, information)

oUsers (by email addresses) [email protected]

oServices (by URL) http://www.tu-harburg.de

ftp://ftp.uni-hamburg.de

oDocuments (by URL)

http://www.sts.tu-harburg.de/slides/1998-deutsch/10-98-Matt.ppt

oData, Information, Concepts, Knowledge, ...

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Electronic Commerce (WS-02/03) 3-

Internet Addressing Global identification of computers o Local naming within domains: sts.tu-harburg.de

structured logically, stable tu-harburg.dehamburg.demarinfo.net

Global identification of further resources (persons, information)^ o^ Non-ambiguous Internet addresses^ compact, efficient, limited (32 bit)^ 134.100.11.

o o Users (by email addresses)Services (by URL) [email protected]://www.tu-harburg.deftp://ftp.uni-hamburg.de

o o Documents (by URL) http://www.sts.tu-harburg.de/slides/1998-deutsch/10-98-Matt.pptData, Information, Concepts, Knowledge, ...

Electronic Commerce (WS-02/03) 3-

Connecting o Dial-up Connection: to the Computers that are serving only as clients need not be Internet

connected to the internet permanently. Computers connected to the internet via a dial-up connection usually are assigned a dynamic IP address by their ISP (Internet Service Provider).

o Leased Line Connection dial-up connection via modem is used, but a leased line. Costs vary depending on bandwidth, distance and supplementary services.: Servers must always be connected to the internet. No

Electronic Commerce (WS-02/03) 3-

Open Layer Systems Description Interconnection (2) Examples

Application Presentation Protocols specificProtocols independent differ. Encryption applications, thatat thisof are the level designedis representations also oftentransmit performed definingto meet data used the in thein a thiscommunication interfacenetworkin individual layer, representation toif required.a computers,service. requirements that which is of may HTTP, CORBA Secure ( Rep.SSL),CORBA FTPSockets IIOP, SMTP, Data

Session Transport At failuresThis Messages Protocols this is level (^) theand inare lowest automaticthisreliability addressed layer level mayrecovery.and at to which communicationadaptationbe connection-oriented messages are performed, (ratherports attached than or suchconnectionless. packets) to as processes, detection are handled. of TCP, UDP Network Data link Transfers or routers.Responsible connected an internetwork In data bya singlefor a packets physical transmission thisLAN betweeninvolves link.no routing ofIn computersthepacketsa WAN isgeneration required. betweentransmission in a specificof nodesa route is network. thatbetween passing are directly Inpairsthrough a WAN of IP, circuits ATM virtual Physical routersThe binary of or electricalother circuits dataor electromagnetic^ between by andsignals analogue hardware^ routers (on cable signalling,signals andthat circuits),^ hosts.drive (on using radio^ theIn light anetwork.^ amplitude LANand signals microwave^ it^ isIt^ betweentransmits(onor frequency fibre circuits).^ any opticsequences^ pair modulation circuits)^ of^ hosts.of^ Ethernet^ ATM^ PPP Ethernet signalling,^ cell^ MAC,base-^ transfer, ISDN band

Electronic Commerce (WS-02/03) 3-

Internet Protocol, IP (v4)

Disadvantages of IPv4: o Address space is limited to 4 billion hosts in 16,7 million networks. The limitation is severed furthermore by classification of IP addresses into A-. B-, C-, D- and E-Class nets. The net classes define the ratio of subnets (e.g. enterprise networks, university networks) to hosts in

o the subnets.^ Example: The TUHH has a Class B network (Class B = 16 bit for network prefix and 16 bit for^ host identification). TUHH hosts are in the IP range 134.28.x.x).No resource (bandwidth) reservation (for time-critical data transmissions as audio and video).

Solutions^ o o^ Missing support for mobile servers. Mobile servers change IP address every time they^ connect to the internet.IP next generation: New protocols for the internet. Most important of these protocols is IPv6.

Problem: o Migration & Upward Compatibility: All hosts between the client and the server have to support IPv

Characteristics^ The packet-oriented. reordered.^ Internet Protocol (v4) Packets in^ is connection-less, datagram-oriented,IP may be sent several times, lost, and

Electronic Commerce (WS-02/03) 3-

Naming Every can be identified using their IP address, e.g., 134.28.70.1. computer (1) on: theIP internet Addresses is identified byand one or Domain many IP addresses. Names Computers

Easier and more convenient are Computer names on the internet follow the Domain Name System (DNS) format. domain names (e.g., www.sts.tu-harburg.de).

The IP addresses. Example: Domain Name System www. (DNS)sts is a global naming service that translates names into.tu-harburg.de is translated into 134.28.70.1.

Advantages: o Ease of use (for humans): 216.32.74.52. www.yahoo.com is more memorizable than

o When moving the web server (e.g., to a computer with better performance), only the DNS lookup entry needs to be changed.

Electronic Commerce (WS-02/03) 3-

Naming Domain names are structured that are separated by periods. Domain names are read from right to left. Example: (2): Domain hierarchically Name. Each domain name consists of domains Format

www. Top-Level Domains o sts Country-Code Top-Level Domains .tu-harburg.de ( TLD. ) are defined at the topmost level. Top level domains can be ( ccTLD ). Examples: de, fr, ch, etc.

Top-level domains are issued by the and Numbers). Currently, new top-level domains are being issued (e.g., biz, info).^ o^ Generic Top-Level Domain^ ( gTLD ICANN ). Examples: com, edu, org, net, mil, gov. (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names

Further structuring of domain names is done by the organization assigned to the domain. Examples: o TLDs: InterNIC for North America TLDs (.com, .edu, .org), DENIC for German TLD

o (.de).Corporate Domains: Microsoft (microsoft.com), TUHH (tu-harburg.de).

Electronic Commerce (WS-02/03) 3-

Successful Properties of a successful communication abstraction: Communication Abstraction

o o o ExpressivenessEfficiencyAvailability on different hardware platforms (PC, Mac, Sun,...)

We^ o willBroad market support introduce one successful communication abstraction: Sockets.

o o o Sockets are de-facto standard for1982 introduced in BSD 4.2-Unix; which led to the nameSocket implementations are available for most Operating Systems, e.g., Unix, inter-process communication (IPC) Berkeley Sockets in a network..

Internet Addressing - E-Commerce - Lecture Slides, Slides of Fundamentals of E-Commerce

Related documents

Partial preview of the text

Download Internet Addressing - E-Commerce - Lecture Slides and more Slides Fundamentals of E-Commerce in PDF only on Docsity!

Internet Addressing Global identification of computers o Local naming within domains: sts.tu-harburg.de

structured logically, stable tu-harburg.dehamburg.demarinfo.net

Global identification of further resources (persons, information)^ o^ Non-ambiguous Internet addresses^ compact, efficient, limited (32 bit)^ 134.100.11.

o o Users (by email addresses)Services (by URL) [email protected]://www.tu-harburg.deftp://ftp.uni-hamburg.de

o o Documents (by URL) http://www.sts.tu-harburg.de/slides/1998-deutsch/10-98-Matt.pptData, Information, Concepts, Knowledge, ...

Connecting o Dial-up Connection: to the Computers that are serving only as clients need not be Internet

connected to the internet permanently. Computers connected to the internet via a dial-up connection usually are assigned a dynamic IP address by their ISP (Internet Service Provider).

o Leased Line Connection dial-up connection via modem is used, but a leased line. Costs vary depending on bandwidth, distance and supplementary services.: Servers must always be connected to the internet. No

Open Layer Systems Description Interconnection (2) Examples

Internet Protocol, IP (v4)

o the subnets.^ Example: The TUHH has a Class B network (Class B = 16 bit for network prefix and 16 bit for^ host identification). TUHH hosts are in the IP range 134.28.x.x).No resource (bandwidth) reservation (for time-critical data transmissions as audio and video).

Solutions^ o o^ Missing support for mobile servers. Mobile servers change IP address every time they^ connect to the internet.IP next generation: New protocols for the internet. Most important of these protocols is IPv6.

Problem: o Migration & Upward Compatibility: All hosts between the client and the server have to support IPv

Characteristics^ The packet-oriented. reordered.^ Internet Protocol (v4) Packets in^ is connection-less, datagram-oriented,IP may be sent several times, lost, and

Naming Every can be identified using their IP address, e.g., 134.28.70.1. computer (1) on: theIP internet Addresses is identified byand one or Domain many IP addresses. Names Computers

Easier and more convenient are Computer names on the internet follow the Domain Name System (DNS) format. domain names (e.g., www.sts.tu-harburg.de).

The IP addresses. Example: Domain Name System www. (DNS)sts is a global naming service that translates names into.tu-harburg.de is translated into 134.28.70.1.

Advantages: o Ease of use (for humans): 216.32.74.52. www.yahoo.com is more memorizable than

o When moving the web server (e.g., to a computer with better performance), only the DNS lookup entry needs to be changed.

Naming Domain names are structured that are separated by periods. Domain names are read from right to left. Example: (2): Domain hierarchically Name. Each domain name consists of domains Format

www. Top-Level Domains o sts Country-Code Top-Level Domains .tu-harburg.de ( TLD. ) are defined at the topmost level. Top level domains can be ( ccTLD ). Examples: de, fr, ch, etc.

Top-level domains are issued by the and Numbers). Currently, new top-level domains are being issued (e.g., biz, info).^ o^ Generic Top-Level Domain^ ( gTLD ICANN ). Examples: com, edu, org, net, mil, gov. (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names

Further structuring of domain names is done by the organization assigned to the domain. Examples: o TLDs: InterNIC for North America TLDs (.com, .edu, .org), DENIC for German TLD

o (.de).Corporate Domains: Microsoft (microsoft.com), TUHH (tu-harburg.de).

Successful Properties of a successful communication abstraction: Communication Abstraction

o o o ExpressivenessEfficiencyAvailability on different hardware platforms (PC, Mac, Sun,...)

We^ o willBroad market support introduce one successful communication abstraction: Sockets.

o o o Sockets are de-facto standard for1982 introduced in BSD 4.2-Unix; which led to the nameSocket implementations are available for most Operating Systems, e.g., Unix, inter-process communication (IPC) Berkeley Sockets in a network..

Windows (NT/2000 and 98/ME), MacOS, AmigaOS, BeOS, etc.