LEARNING-securing various skills & info, process that leads
to change
1.LEARNING CLASSICAL CONDITIONING-Ivan Pavlov, dog
salivation
2.OPERANT CONDITIONING-B.F Skinner, consequences
3.OBSERVATION-Albert Bandura, Social Learning Theory
book, Bobo Doll Experiment
4.COGNITIVE-learners can be influenced by external &
internal factors, Plato & Descartes, Jean Piaget-
schema(basic unit of knowledge) /Accomodation-new info
is different from previous knowledge /Assimilation-new
info is same to what we know /Bloom’s Taxonomy-
Benjamin Bloom, remember-understand-apply-analyze-
evaluate,create
5.CONSTRUCTIVISM-knowledge is constructed –learning is
a socia l activity –learning is an active process –learning is
contextual –people learn to learn as they learn –learning
exists in mind –knowledge is personal –motivation is key to
learning
6.HUMANISM-self actualization is the top hierarchy of
needs
7.CONNECTIVISM-people learn & grow when they make
connections
8.TRANSFORMATIVE-Jack Mezirow, learners a djust their
thinking based on new info
9.EXPERIENTIAL-David Kolb, learning by doing concrete
learning-reflective observation-abstract conceptualization-
active experimentation
1PARTICIPATION 2REPETITION 3TRANSFERENCE
4FEEDBACK
THORNDIKE’S LAWS OF LEARNING-readiness
-effect –exercise –primacy –intensity –recency
MEMORY-how the mind stores &recalls info
Sensory memory-working memory
Long term memory-explicit(knowing what)
implicit(knowing how)
Amnesia-loss of memories, facts, dates…
Psychological Amnesia, Dream Amnesia, Biological
Amnesia(retrograde, anterograde, infantile)
PROBLEM SOLVING- systematic approach of defining
problem then creating solution
1.Identify Problem 2.Form Hypothesis 3.Experimentation
4.Collect Data 5.Analyze Data 6.Draw Conclusion
Inductive Reasoning-little-no existing rrl
Deductive-conclusion drawn on the basis of inductive, from
theory
CONSCIOUSNESS-awareness of thoughts, feelings…
awareness of oneself
Sleep-low level physical activity
Wakefulness-high level sensory awareness
William James-…consciousness to stream
Sigmund Freud-consciousness and fountain
Descartes-cogito ergo sum
Meditation-encourage sense of awareness & focused
attention
Homeostatic regulation-maintain stability while adjusting
to conditions that are best for survival
1.NON-REM-wakefulness to sleep
2.NON-REM-light sleep before deep sleep
3.NON-REM-deep sleep
4.REM-dreaming stage, 90 min after sleeping
Sigmund Freud-manifest content(actual) latent
content(hidden meaning of a dream)
Carl Jung-dream is a small hidden door
Rosalind Cartwright-dream is reflection of life events
John Hobson-protoconsciousness
PHARMACOLOGICAL-psychoactive substance
PSYCHOLOGICAL-hypnosis, meditation
PHYSICAL & PHYSIOLOGICAL
PATHOLOGICAL-epileptic, psychotic episodes
SPONTANEOUS-daydreaming
PSYCHOACTIVE-psychotropic, chemical substance that
changes person’s mental state
1.STIMULANT-heightened alertness, euphoria, +heart rate
& blood pressure, excitability
(caffeine,nicotine,amphetamines,cocaine)
2.DEPRESSANTS-reduce tension, relief of anxiety, muscle
relaxation (alcohol, tranquilizers such as benzodiazepines)
3.OPIOIDS-from poppy, pain relief,drowsiness, euphoria,
respiratory depression (painkillers such as
codeine,morphine,oxycodone,heroine
4.HALLUCINOGENS-paranoia, hallucinations (psilocybin,
ketamine, phencyclidine, dextromethorphan, peyote)
5.DESIGNER DRUG-legal highs (bath salts, mephedrone,
W18, MXE, spice…)
INTELLIGENCE-single, general ability –reasoning,judgement
–adjust thinking to new requirements –adjust to
increasingly complex environment –involves mental
abilities –learn from experience –recognize problems –solve
problems
PSYCHOLOGY-derive info, learn from experience, adapt to
environment, understand (APA) –human intelligence,
mental quality that consists of the abilities to learn from
experience,…
GENERAL INTELLIGENCE
CHARLES SPEARMAN- general intelligence, g-factor –
Spearman’s 2-factor theory of intelligence (g-general
ability/s-specific ability)
MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES
HOWARD GARDNER-individuals have the potential to
develop a combination of 8 separate intelligences. 1bodily
kinesthetic-control body movements & handle objects
skillfully 2interpersonal-detect/respond to
moods/motivations of others 3intrapersonal-self
awareness, in tune with inner feelings 4logical-
mathematical-think conceptually/abstractly, discern
logical /numerica l patterns 5musical 6naturalistic -animals,
plants 7verbal-linguistic-verbal skills 8visual-spatial think
images and visualize accurately and abstractly
TRIARCHIC APPROACH
ROBERT STERNBERG-intelligence is mental activity directed
toward purposive adaptation to selection,…-successful
intelligence 1analytical-evaluate info & solve problem
2creative-come up with new ideas 3practicali-adapt to
changing environment
FLUID VS. CRYSTALLIZED
-Raymon Cattell & John Horn
FLUID INTELLIGENCE-think &reason abstractly & solve
problems, current ability, declines as people get older
(problem-solving strategies, philosophical reasoning, solve
puzzles or abstract problems
1Raven’s Progressive Matrices Test- examine various
shapes and pick to complete a pattern, non-verbal
2Woodcock-Johnson Test of Cognitive Abilities- cognitive
skill and achievement; commonly given to children to asses
for advanced academic courses
3Wechler Intelligence Scale for Children- verbal, reasoning,
and memory skills, 6-16 years old
CRYSTALLIZED-comes from prior learning & past
experiences, increase w/ age ( Vocabulary & general
knowledge tests, Wechler Adult Intelligence scale-
measure of cognitive abilities developed for adults)
(memorize text/ vocabulary, recalling how to do something,
remembering dates and locations)
EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE(EQ)
JOHN MAYER &PETER SALOVEY was later popularized by
DANIEL GOLEMAN-ability to regulate emotions (self
awareness, self management, social awareness,
relationship management)
IQ TESTING(measure intelligence)
-aptitude tests-Scholastic Assessment Test-American
College Test
INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT- William Stern
BINET & SIMON intelligence scale-1st IQ test, Alfred Binet &
Theodore Simon
145-160 Very gifted/ highly advanced
130-144 Gifted or very advanced
120-129 Superior
110-119 High Average
90-109 Average
80-89 Low Average
70-79 Borderline impaired or delayed
55-69 Midly impaired or delayed
40-54 Moderately impaired or delayed
STANFORD-BINET IQ test- LEWIS TERMAN adaptation to
Binet-Simon
WECHSLER ADULT INTELLIGENCE SCALE- DAVID WECHSLER,
1st intelligence scale for adults
-standardized intelligence testing, 1 of psychology’s
greatest success
INDUSTRIAL & ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY
(application of psychological principles to the workplace)
-WALTER DILL SCOTT -apply psychology to advertising,
management, personnel selection
-HUGO MUNSTERBERG-father of industrial psychology,
apply psych to industry
-FREDERICK TAYLOR-principles of scientific management
FRANK &LILLIAN GILBRETH-time & motion study, happy
healthy workers=efficient work
ELTON MAYO-job satisfaction increased thru employee
participation
KURT LEWIN-3 stage theory( unfreeze ,change, freeze)
DOUGLAS MCGREGOR-theory x& y
-employee selection –performance appraisal –training &
development –motivation –work atti tudes –leadership –
organizational development –worklife balance –workplace
health and wellbeing
EMPLOYMENT SELECTION
1job analysis 2develop selection tools 3collect applicant
info 4screening 5initial interview 6employment test
7indepth interviews 8check references 9make selection
decision 10offer
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGIAL EXPRESSIONS
1HORMONAL ACTIVITY 2CARDIOVASCULAR 3OCULAR
4ELECTRODERMAL 6SKELETAL
-INTRINSIC/EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION
-Motivation depends on the incentives and rewards
ABRAHAM MASLOW- hierarchy of needs (lower levels-
survival and safety)(higher levels-achievement & self
actualization
ATTRIBUTION THEORY OF MOTIVATION-Bernard
Weiner(locus, stability,controllability)
Paul Ekam-6 basic emotions
Robert Plutchik- 8 basic emotions
Complex emotions-2 or more emotions mixed
James Lange Theory of Emotion- physiological response
before emotional behavior
Facial-Feedback Theory of Emotion-
Cannon-Bard Theory- William Cannon & Philip Bard, bodily
changes occur simultaneously
Schachter-Singer Theory- Stanley Schachter & Jerome
Singer, tries to find reason for arousal then feels emotion
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
Big 5 Personality Characteristics
1Openness-curious, original, creative
2Conscientiousness-organized, systematic, punctual,
achievement oriented, dependable
3Extraversion-outgoing, talkative, sociable
4Agreeableness-afable, tolerant, sensitive, trusting, kind,
warm
5Neuroticism- anxious, irritable, temperamental
Consistency/ Psychological & Physiological/ Affects
Behaviors & Actions/ Multiple Expressions
PERSONALITY TYPES
1FRIEDMAN & ROSENMAN’S TYPE THEORY
1.Type A- lots of motivation, always in a hurry, competitive,
workaholic, lack patience, hard to relax
2. Type B- relaxed, easy-going, patient, creative, work
steadily to achieve goals but don’t stress over failures,
tolerant, calm, prone to procrastination
3. Type C- love details, cooperative, unassertive, people
pleaser, patient, show pathological niceness and more
prone to cancer
4. Type D- pessimistic, show negative emotions, more
prone to depression
MYERS-BRIGGS PERSONALITY TYPE INDICATOR
a. Extroverts or Introverts
b. Sensors or Intuitive
c. Thinkers or Feelers
d. Judgers or Perceivers
1.ISTJ- logical, organized, judgmental
2.INFP- idealist, sensitive to their feelings
3.ESTJ- assertive, follow rules
4.ANFJ- givers, warm, overprotective
3TRAIT THEORY OF PERSONALITY
Trait- personality characteristics
4CATTEL’S 16 PERSONALITY FACTORS- career marital
counseling, employee testing and selection
5THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
-Psychodynamic Theories of Personality- Freud ,
unconscious mind on personality
-Behavioral Theories- Skinner, Watson, observable &
measurable changes
-Humanist Theories- Rogers, Maslow, free will
PERSONALITY DISORDERS
-Paranoid Personality Disorder- pervasive, unwarranted
suspiciousness & distrust, hypersensitivity
-Schizoid Personality Disorder- absence of tender feelings
for others, distant, withdrawn
-Antisocial Personality Disorder- disregard and violate
rights of others, aggressiveness, lack of empathy, guilt,
remorse, violate laws
-Borderline Personality Disorder- unstable moods, switch
moods quickly
-Narcissistic Personality Disorder- long-standing p attern of
grandiose, feeling entitled
FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY(ethnicity, society, culture, and the
application to psychological practice-based on Filipino’s
true feelings, thoughts, behaviors and must derive from
indigenous Filipino sources, language, and methods
PSYCHOLOGY OF FILIPINOS-theory/knowledge of Filipino
regardless of source
KEY FILIPINO CONCEPTS
1KAPWA 2PAKIKISAMA 3BAHALA NA 4HIYA 5FILIPINO
IDENTITY 6LOOB 7KAPWA
SIKOLOHIYA SA PILIPINAS- series of events related to the
field of psychology in the Philippines
MADELENE STA. MARIA-Filipino self
1. PAGKATAO
2. SOCIAL EMBEDDEDNESS
3. BALIK-LOOB
4. HISTORICAL CONSCIOUSNESS
5. CULTURAL HYBRIDITY
VIRGILIO ENRIQUEZ-father of Filipino psychology
ROGELIA PE-PUA-cross cultural psychology, psychology of
ethnicity &migration
MARIA LOURDES CARANDANG- family therapy, child
therapy, feminist psychology
