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COLLEGE OF COMPUTING STUDIES
Bachelor of Science in Information Technology
DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
CC 113A – Introduction to Computing Page 1 of 13
Chapter 3: Computer Hardware
Disclaimer: This handout is for purely educational purposes, and exclusive only for the Introduction to Computing subject
of 1 styear BSIT students of Don Honorio Ventura State University-Main Campus-CCS. Any reproduction of this material whether thru a
Chapter 3 : Computer Hardware Learning Objectives:
_1. Understand the Computer’s memory.
- Learn the different types of RAM and ROM.
- Identify the parts and ports of the motherboard.
- Recognize the ports and adapters._ Summary: What is hardware?
- It is the most obvious component of any information system: the equipment used to record, convert and present data to the user as output, such as computers, scanners and printers. a. Input Devices b. Output Devices What is Central Processing Unit?
- It acts as the brain of your computer.
- It handles all types of operations for processing data.
- It stores (program) information, intermediate results, and instructions.
- The operation of all parts of the machine is managed by it. Three Components of the CPU a. Memory or Storage Unit
- This stores all the information and the instructions needed for processing.
- It stores the intermediate data processing.
- The final results of the processing are stored until these results are released to the output system.
- Both inputs and outputs are sent to the main memory. b. Control Unit
- It is responsible for managing the transition between other units of a computer of data and instructions.
- It controls all the units of the machine and coordinates them.
- It gets the instructions from the memory, interprets them, and guides the computer's operation.
- It interacts with input / output devices for the transfer of data or storage results.
- It does not handle or store information.
COLLEGE OF COMPUTING STUDIES
Bachelor of Science in Information Technology
DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
CC 113A – Introduction to Computing Page 2 of 13
Chapter 3: Computer Hardware
Disclaimer: This handout is for purely educational purposes, and exclusive only for the Introduction to Computing subject
of 1 styear BSIT students of Don Honorio Ventura State University-Main Campus-CCS. Any reproduction of this material whether thru a
c. Arithmetic Logic Unit
- The two (2) subsections of the ALU: (1) Arithmetic - Arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are performed. By making repeated use of the above operations, all complex operations are completed. (2) Logic Section - Logic operations such as comparing, selecting, matching, and combining data are performed. Computer’s Memory
- It is the computer's storage space where data is to be processed and the instructions necessary for processing are stored. Primary Types of Memory a. Cache Memory - It is used to carry the data and program sections that are most commonly used by the CPU. Sections of data and programs are transferred by the operating system from the disk to the cache memory, from which the CPU can access them. b. Primary Memory/Main Memory - It just contains the data and instructions that the machine is actually running on. It has a restricted capacity and when power is turned off, data is lost. c. Secondary Memory - It's slower than the primary memory. They are used permanently for storing data / information. CPU does not explicitly access these memories, but they are accessed by input-output routines. It is also known as external or non-volatile memory. Random Access Memory
- It is the CPU's internal memory for storing data, program, and program output. It is a read / write memory that stores data before the computer is running. As soon as the computer is turned off, the data is removed. Two Types of RAM a. Static RAM (SRAM)
- Long life
- No need to refresh
- Faster
- Used as cache memory
- Large size
- Expensive
- High power consumption b. Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
- Short data lifetime
- Needs to be refreshed continuously
- Slower as compared to SRAM
- Used as RAM
- Smaller in size
- Less expensive
- Less power consumption
COLLEGE OF COMPUTING STUDIES
Bachelor of Science in Information Technology
DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
CC 113A – Introduction to Computing Page 4 of 13
Chapter 3: Computer Hardware
Disclaimer: This handout is for purely educational purposes, and exclusive only for the Introduction to Computing subject
of 1 styear BSIT students of Don Honorio Ventura State University-Main Campus-CCS. Any reproduction of this material whether thru a
b. PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory) - It's a read-only memory that a user can only change once. The user uses a PROM program to purchase a blank PROM and enter the desired material. There are tiny fuses within the PROM chip, which during programming are burnt open. It can only be programmed once and it is not erasable. c. EPROM (Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory) - By exposing it to ultraviolet light for a time of up to 40 minutes, it can be erased. Typically, that purpose is accomplished by an EPROM eraser. An electrical charge is stuck in an insulated gate region during programming. Since the charge has no leakage course, the charge is maintained for over 10 years. d. EEPROM (Electrically Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory) - It is electrically programmed and erased. Around ten thousand times, it can be deleted and reprogrammed. Both programming and erasing take between 4 to 10 ms (milliseconds). In EEPROM, it is possible to selectively delete and program any spot. Rather than erasing the entire chip, EEPROMs can be erased one byte at a time. Hence, the reprogramming process is versatile but sluggish. Computer Motherboard
- Also known as the mb, mainboard, mboard, mobo, mobd, backplane board, base board, main circuit board, planar board, system board, or a logic board on Apple computers.
- It is the largest board in a computer chassis and the base of a computer. It allocates power and allows the CPU, RAM and all other computer hardware components to communicate with and between them. Overview of the Motherboard
- It provides interaction between a computer's hardware components, such as the processor (CPU), memory (RAM), hard drive, and video card. Multiple types of motherboards are available, built to accommodate various computer types and sizes.
- It is placed inside the case and is firmly connected via pre-drilled holes through small screws. The motherboard provides connecting ports for all internal components. It offers a single CPU port, while one or two slots are usually required for memory. Motherboards include ports via ribbon cables to connect the floppy drive, hard disk drive, and optical drives. The motherboard is fitted with fans and a separate port for power supplies.
- In front of the motherboard, there is a peripheral card slot through which video cards, sound cards, and other expansion cards can be attached to the motherboard.
- Motherboards hold a variety of ports on the left side for connecting the display, printer, mouse, keyboard, speaker, and network cables. Motherboards also have USB ports for attaching compatible devices in a plug-in / plug-out way.
COLLEGE OF COMPUTING STUDIES
Bachelor of Science in Information Technology
DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
CC 113A – Introduction to Computing Page 5 of 13
Chapter 3: Computer Hardware
Disclaimer: This handout is for purely educational purposes, and exclusive only for the Introduction to Computing subject
of 1 styear BSIT students of Don Honorio Ventura State University-Main Campus-CCS. Any reproduction of this material whether thru a
- Below is an image of the motherboard ASUS P5AD2-E with labels next to each of its key components. Computer Memory-Units
- The amount of data that can be stored in the storage unit is called the memory unit. In terms of bytes, this storage ability is represented. Data Units in the Memory a. Bit (Binary Digit) - This is a single memory unit and only 2 possible binary values can be stored, either 0 or 1. b. Nibble – It is a group of 4 bits or half of a byte. c. Byte - A byte is the unit most computers use to represent a character such as a letter, number or typographic symbol (for example, “g”, “5”, or “?”). A byte can also hold a string of bits that need to be used in some larger unit of application purposes (for example, the
COLLEGE OF COMPUTING STUDIES
Bachelor of Science in Information Technology
DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
CC 113A – Introduction to Computing Page 7 of 13
Chapter 3: Computer Hardware
Disclaimer: This handout is for purely educational purposes, and exclusive only for the Introduction to Computing subject
of 1 styear BSIT students of Don Honorio Ventura State University-Main Campus-CCS. Any reproduction of this material whether thru a
- Ethernet - RJ-45, Gigabit Ethernet, 10/100 Ethernet
- HDMI (High Definition Multimedia Interface) - This popular port is the most common one for connecting to TVs and also appears on many external monitors and projectors.
- DisplayPort/mini DisplayPort - With the ability to output to a single monitor at 4 K resolution and 60 Hz, or up to three monitors at full HD (using a hub or dock), it is the most advanced display-connection standard today.
COLLEGE OF COMPUTING STUDIES
Bachelor of Science in Information Technology
DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
CC 113A – Introduction to Computing Page 8 of 13
Chapter 3: Computer Hardware
Disclaimer: This handout is for purely educational purposes, and exclusive only for the Introduction to Computing subject
of 1 styear BSIT students of Don Honorio Ventura State University-Main Campus-CCS. Any reproduction of this material whether thru a
- DVI (Digital Visual Interface) – also known as DVI-D, DVI-I, Dual-Link DVI.
- microSD card reader – also known as the microSD slot.
- SD Card Reader - 3 - in-1 card reader, 4-in- 1 card reader, 5-in-1 card reader.
COLLEGE OF COMPUTING STUDIES
Bachelor of Science in Information Technology
DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
CC 113A – Introduction to Computing Page 10 of 13
Chapter 3: Computer Hardware
Disclaimer: This handout is for purely educational purposes, and exclusive only for the Introduction to Computing subject
of 1 styear BSIT students of Don Honorio Ventura State University-Main Campus-CCS. Any reproduction of this material whether thru a
8. USB/USB Type-A – also known as the USB Type-A, Regular USB. **9. USB Type B -
- USB Type C**
COLLEGE OF COMPUTING STUDIES
Bachelor of Science in Information Technology
DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
CC 113A – Introduction to Computing Page 11 of 13
Chapter 3: Computer Hardware
Disclaimer: This handout is for purely educational purposes, and exclusive only for the Introduction to Computing subject
of 1 styear BSIT students of Don Honorio Ventura State University-Main Campus-CCS. Any reproduction of this material whether thru a
11. USB 2.0 – also known as High-speed USB, USB 2 12. USB 3.0 – also known as SuperSpeed USB, USB 3
- USB 3.1 Gen 1 - USB 3.1, SuperSpeed USB
COLLEGE OF COMPUTING STUDIES
Bachelor of Science in Information Technology
DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
CC 113A – Introduction to Computing Page 13 of 13
Chapter 3: Computer Hardware
Disclaimer: This handout is for purely educational purposes, and exclusive only for the Introduction to Computing subject
of 1 styear BSIT students of Don Honorio Ventura State University-Main Campus-CCS. Any reproduction of this material whether thru a
**17. Thunderbolt 3
- VGA (Video Graphics Array) OER Resources:** Introduction to Computer Applications and Concepts. Retrieved from: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/computerapps/ Other Internet References: www.tutorialspoint.com https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/m/mothboar.htm https://byte-notes.com/bit-byte-nibble-kilobyte/ https://teachcomputerscience.com/data-units/ https://www.laptopmag.com/articles/port-and-adapter-guide Prepared by: MISS MYKA A. CRUZ, LPT, MIT IT Instructor
