Introduction - Microprocessor Based Systems - Lecture Slides, Slides of Microprocessor and Interfacing

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ECE 265

Introduction to Microcontroller Based

Systems

(A first course in computer architecture)

Lecture Overview

• Outline of the course

• Syllabus
• General guidelines and policies

• A basic overview of computer architecture

• The Von Neumann Architecture
• The Harvard architecture
• Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

A Basic Overview of Computer

Architecture

• For your reference you can find much of this

information on Wikipedia.

• But can you trust wikipedia?
• When was the first computer created?????

Early computing technology

Early computing could be traced back to the abacus. When was the abacus in use?

Around 2700 B.C.

In the mid 1600’s Blaise Pascal designed and implemented a mechanical calculator.

 Note: Today we use voltage level to represent a logical TRUE and FALSE. There is no reason that the physical position of a mechanical component cannot do the same thing.

Still, a little more modern

• The von Neumann

architecture – 1940s

and 50s

• A stored-program computer that uses a central processing unit and a single separate storage structure that hold both instructions and data.

Basic operation of architecture

Instructions are executed in sequence

First step during execution

MEM(PC)  IR  Send contents of PC (Program counter) to memory  Memory responds with the contents at that address placing it on the data bus. Increment the PC (PC+1->PC) The values on the data bus are loaded into the instruction register

More von Neumann

Earliest computers had fixed programs – such as a desk

calculator

The von Neumann architecture introduced the concept

of a stored program. In fact, in early computers, they often wrote programs that self modified.

Self-modifying code is now seen as a very bad

programming practice (also, it really isn’t needed).

von Neumann’s was very familiar with Alan Turing’s

(1912-1954) work – the Turing Machine (1936).

Both von Neumann and Turing wrote papers on stored

program computers.

Some Early von Neumann

• ORDVAC (U of Ill) - architectures
• IAS machine (Princeton) -
• MANIAC I (Las Alamos) -
• ILLIAC (U of Ill) -
• AVIDAC (Argonne National Labs) –
• ORACLE at Oak Ridge Ntl Lab–
• JOHNNIAC at RAND Corp –
• BESK in Stockholm –
• PERM in Munich -

The Harvard Architecture

• In the traditional von Neumann architecture

memory holds both programs and data

• In the Harvard Architecture you have separate

memory spaces for data and programs. (term

that came into use during the late 1990s)

• This is not really a new concept as the 4004

had separate data and program memory

address spaces.

Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller

 Basically a features issue.  Microprocessor – ( the physical processor chip )  Composed of control unit, register, arithmetic and logic units  NO Memory, MaybeTimers, No direct external I/O ports  Does have pins for a data bus and an address bus  When implemented in a PC, add a keyboard for input, a monitor, a mouse, a printer, etc.  Mircocontroller  Central core of microprocessor but limited capabilities in regards to registers, memory size, and speed.  On board memory  Several Timers  I/O configurable ports  In implementation, may or may not have a keyboard, rather a keypad/switches for input or other types of control, often does not have monitor