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Communication 12/13/10 12:32 PM
**Text Book Website: http://www.ablongman.com/ruben5e Points of Reference
- Native/Personal Theories a. Examples b. What Is Native Theory? c. What do we use them for? d. Some Characteristics of Native Theories
- Scholarly Theories a. Characteristics of scholarly theories
- Native/Personal Theories about Communications
- What do we mean by Communication? a. Different emphases of different definitions b. Characteristics of Communication c. Definition d. Problems with Definitions
- Communication as an Academic Discipline (answered in next class notes) Powerpoint Presentation
- Theories: Guides To Understanding What Personal Theories are operating here? What do personal theories allow is to do?
o Describe o Explain o Predict o Control
- Compare and Contrast Theories Personal Theories o Based on Experience o Taken for granted o Private (Not often voiced) o Stable hard to change Scholarly Theories o Based on Systematic Observation & Testing o Questioned/Studied o Public Validity Reliability Utility Subject to Modification **You Can never NOT Communicate.
- Native Theories about communication 126 Definitions of Communications (Dance & Larson) o Information passed from one place to another o Procedures by which one mind affects another o Transmission of information, ideas, emotions, and skills via symbols o Transmission of a message from a source to a receiver with conscious intent to affect the latter’s behavior Message Symbol or Collection of Symbols that has meaning or utility Message Reception Process of Interpretation; how we attend to, attach significance to, and use messages
Communication 09/02/
HANDOUT
What is Communication? 9/13/10 -- Introduction to Communication
- What do we do via communication?
- What are some of the components of the communication process?
- What influences models of communication? -Paradigms --in everyday social life --in the business world -Anomalies --in everyday social life --in the business world
- Models of communication and their apparent paradigm influences --Aristotle --Lasswell --Shannon & Weaver -correction channel --Schramm -field of experience --Katz & Lazarsfeld -two-step flow -opinion leaders -diffusion theory --Westley & Maclean --Dance
--Watzlawick, Beavin & Jackson --Thayer
- How have models of communication evolved, and where are they going? Powerpoint Presentation:
- Communication and Social Sciences a. Sociology-How and Individual is Impacted by Society b. Psychology-Individual Impact on Behavior c. Anthropology-Cultural Impact on Behavior
- Communication & Liberal Arts a. English, History, Math, Economics b. Philosophy of Language; Linguistics c. Literary Theory d. Feminist Theory e. Social Science
- Communication & The Profession a. Law b. Medicine doctor patient interaction is CRUCIAL c. Business
- Can be studied as a liberal arts, or for a profession STALLED HANDOUT PRESENTAION (Refer to Green Handout)
- Exchanging information
- Donny’s looking for help
- Donny is describing his situation to Marsha
- The call itself may be communicating that Donny is in need of help
iv. Multiple Kinds of Messages v. Confusion vi. Surprise vii. Distress viii. Hidden Messages ix. Hesitation x. Beginning/Ending xi. Tones & Context xii. Pauses/Breaks xiii. Words to buy time/Stalling b. Paradigm: a broad framework that guides the work of scholars over a long period of time as they conduct research and develop specific theories (Thomas Kuhn).
- Paradigms Shape how We Think a. What Paradigm were we coming from when we listed components of a communication model? b. The paradigm of ordinary Conversation
- Anomaly: An inconsistency or discrepant observation that challenges the paradigm
- Paradigm for Best Friend & Girlfriend a. Your Bro: open, honest, trust, wingman, similar age, teasing, etc b. Your Girl: Advice, things in common, faithful, easy to talk to, etc c. You see your girl and bro together one day, no big deal d. Next day, you ask Linda to go out, shes busy, you go to library and see her with Matt e. Now the paradigms of Bro and Girl are not fitting into them f. Challenges to paradigms, still not read to throw it out. g. Next day you see them walking on college ave, you follow them, end up at sears h. You see them sitting at the café downstairs still talking i. Perhaps they are: planning a surprise bday party, same class, cheating? j. Still not enough Anomaly to throw them out?? k. You go to Linda’s to talk: SURPRISE PARTY
l. Now you feel bad, next day go to confess/apologize m. Knock on door, no answer, unlocked, go in, They are ‘together’ n. GOODBYE
- Takes time for people to accept that Anamolies exist. Paradigms are solid and take a lot of anomilies to make you realize the truth.
o Speaker argument speech listener(s) o Emphasize how people persuade on another, communication is a way of participating in democracy, Persausion, o Intellectual paradigm? rhetoric, philosophy o Directional Flow? one-way!
- Lasswell: a. Who what channel who = effect b. Focus on verbal messages c. Emphasizes speaker, message, & audience d. Effects: inform, entertain, aggravate, etc. e. Intellectual Paradigm? Propaganda (1948) - political science f. Directional Flow? 1-way!
- Shannon & Weaver: Received Signal \ Message a. Info Source transmitter Channel Receiver Destination Message Signal / ^ Noise Source(interruption) b. Addition of a transmitter c. Encoding/decoding d. Message VS signal e. Channel f. Noise i. Correction Channel (measure message at beginning and end and if it varies, it tells sender to resend it!) g. Transmission VS interpretation h. Intellectual Paradigm Study engineering problems of signal transmission for Bell Telephone Company i. 1949 j. can be applied to other areas of communication as well
- Schramm: a. Field of experience
Source Encoder Signal Decoder Destination b. Adds field of experience c. Calls attention to interpretation d. Model flows ONE WAY
- Katz & Lazarsfield a. Source Message Mass Media >Opinion Leaders Public b. Political Messages don’t affect voting habits i. Why Not? ii. 2 step flow gets out, but takes a few more steps to get to everyone c. 2-step flow d. Opinion Leaders i. Linking interpersonal Dynamics ii. 1955 iii. Diffusion Theory
- Diffusion of innovations
- 2 steps, someone in between iv. Intellectual Paradigm Mass Communication v. ONE WAY!
vii. 1955 g. Frank Dance: i. Spiral Model (not 1 way or 2 way) ii. Adds TIME to a model of communication iii. Intellectual Paradigm: Communication iv. 1967 h. Watzlawick, Beavin, & Jackson i. Individuals function alternatively as sender and receiver ii. Messages shaped by person a & person b together iii. You can not NOT communicate iv. Meaning varies according to individual characteristics v. Intellectual Paradigm: Pyscology vi. TWO WAY interactive! Continued on 9/20/ a. Thayer’s Model use text as reference a. Mirror image b. Originator receiver c. Acquiring Processing d. Generating Disseminating e. People serve as originators and receivers shift from one to the other f. Message Receiver receives is never identical to one a source transmits g. Reciever acquires those messages they are *capable of processing/comprehending i. Take into account-abilities ii. Take into account-susceptibilities iii. Similar to Shcramms model (field of experience) iv. Communication is an Idiosyncratic process h. Idiosyncratic = particular to the individual i. Information received can serve as feedback j. Paradigm: Communication 1968 k. 1 way or 2 way? l. Circular b. DeVito’s Model
a. Source and receiver together b. Bidirectional, interactive c. Paradigm: Communication
- How have models of communication evolved and where are they going? a. Different way of thinking help evolve communication b. Source & Message in the past but layer models focus on feedback c. EX: Reciever and Meaning Centered d. Two-Way models, Circular Models & Transaction/interactive models e. Emphasis on message transmission (earlier models) f. Later models focusd on interpretation, relationships, & Process -> constitutive VIEW of communication g. Communication shapes reality h. Public Speaking Contexts or levels: e.g. individuals, relationships, families, groups, organizations, societies What anomaly or anomalies have models of communication tried to address? a. 1 way approaches b. 2 way approaches c. smr=e
d. MSMR
e. All of the above What technological innovations shaped our views of communication?
- Cell Phones texting or calling
- Fax machines
- Internet
- Email
- IM, iChat
- Facebook, Myspace
The Birds and the Bees and the Chimpanzees
-And you and me 09/02/
PURPLE/PINK Handout
- What is systems theory?
- How does systems theory help us understand communication?
- Some systems concepts: a. Systems b. Boundaries c. Environment d. Closed/Open Systems e. Living Systems
- Communication Modes a. Visual Messages b. Tactile Messages c. Olfactory Messages d. Auditory Messages
- Similarities and Differences between human and animal communication
- What do we all use communication for? a. Courtship and Mating b. Reproduction c. Parent/Offspring relationships and socialization d. Navigation e. Self-defense f. Territoriality g. Communication as a process of adaption
Powerpoint Presentation:
- Biological and Social worlds are interdependent , arrayed on a HIERACHRCHY from low to high complexity
- Heirarchy of INDEPENDENT PARTS a. Atoms cells tissues organs individuals relationships families groups organizations … societies
- Class as a system a. Parts? ( interconnected and interdependent ) i. Teachers, students, ta’s, tutors, computers, projector, etc b. Boundaries edges of a system that holds the parts together i. Hand raising, physical room/space, time ii. e.g. Pan holding a cake and defining its shape c. Environment i. Physical surroundings and influences ii. Separated from system by boundaries iii. Peers define a part of class environment iv. Climate v. Rutgers University (School as a WHOLE) vi. Boundary seperates the system from the environment
- Open/Closed System a. Open continual give and take with the environment i. Internet you can change it and make differences b. Closed isolated from the environment i. Nothing can enter or exit. ii. Ecospheres iii. Snow globe
- Living Systems a. Open systems that go through a life cycle
- Chimps can use American sign language, but can not create new symbols v. What do we know about reading how the bees communicate?
- Routines vi. Memory Task
- Remembering routines vii. Symbol Manipulation & creation b. Humans and Animals both use communication for… i. Courtship and Mating ii. Reproduction iii. Parent-Offspring relationships & Socialization iv. Navigation v. Self-defense
- Stress response when we see something threatening, we get a rush of adrenaline fight or flight or fancy vi. Territoriality
Complexities of Communication 09/02/
www.ablongman.com/ruben5e
- Communication Breakdown?
- Visible Aspects of Communication a. Interactants b. Symbols c. Media i. Permanence and Portability
- Invisible aspects of Communication a. Meaning b. Learning c. Subjectivity d. Negotiation e. Culture f. Interacting Contexts and Levels g. Self-reference h. Self-reflexivity i. Ethics j. Inevitability
- Communication Breakdown (Handout Below) COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN? Teacher Saying it, Video Playing it twice. 1 Shane: [Cars are stra:nded, about thirty something 2 people have die:d, 3 (0.7) 4 Nancy: Wo:w.
