Introduction to Information Systems, Lecture notes of Information Systems

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Information Concepts

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Hierarchy

1. What is Data

• (^) Definition: These are raw , unorganized , potentially useful facts and figures that are later processed in order to produce meaningful information.
• (^) Definition: These are discrete , objective facts or observations , which are unorganized and unprocessed , and do not convey any specific meaning. They may include numbers, letters , symbols , sound or images.
• (^) Data items are an elementary and recorded description of things , events , activities and transactions

Example 1

• (^) If we gave you 18041980 as a number you

cant make much sense of it. But if we added

Date : 18 - 04 - 1980, to a Zimbabwean this

begins to make sense.

• (^) 18 on its own is just a number, without much

meaning to it, 04 is just another number you

can’t deduce much from and 1980 might just

be another number, but combined all these

distinct pieces of data, they give us meaningful

information about Zimbabwe’s independence

day

Characteristics of Valuable information Accessible Easily accessible by authorized users Complete Contains all the important information Flexible Information us useful in different areas Secure Safe from authorized users Timely Delivered when needed Accurate Information that is error free Economical Cost versus benefit is worthy Relevant Info important to decision makers Simple Not complex Verifiable Check to verify if correct

Methods for conveying information

3. What is Knowledge

• (^) Definition 1: ‘Knowledge is the combination of data and information, to which is added expert opinion , skills , and experience , to result in a valuable asset which can be used to aid decision making
• (^) Definition 2: ‘Knowledge is data and/or information that have been organized and processed to convey understanding, experience, accumulated learning, and expertise as they apply to a current problem or activity ’
• (^) Definition 3: ‘Knowledge: is the application of data and information ; Knowledge answers the "how" questions.

The Information Hierarchy

Example

Application

1. Example of Churning in

Telecommunication Companies

• (^) Econet, Netone, Telecel

2. Retail shops

• (^) Ever noticed how sugar, tea leaves,

cremora, coffee etc is always next to

each other in shelves

We create data/ information daily when we

• (^) Click the Like button (FB)
• (^) Poke someone on (FB)
• (^) Update status (FB)
• (^) Send “Lol” on Whatsapp
• (^) Send Mail
• (^) Send Friend Request
• (^) Send an SMS
• (^) Upload a photo
• (^) Shoot a photo
• (^) Online transaction
  • (^) Send voice notes
  • (^) Shoot a video
  • (^) Tweet s
  • (^) Customer purchase history ( Swipe)
  • (^) Customer service logs
  • (^) Make a phone call
    • (^) Call duration records
  • (^) Till slips
  • (^) Buzz someone’s phone

• (^) According to 2015 big data info graphic contributed by Ben Walker of Voucher Cloud, around 2.5 quintillion Bytes of data is created every day
• (^) what happens in just ONE minute on the internet: 216,000 photos posted, 278,000 Tweets and 1.8m Face book likes - (^) The stats also suggest that around 216, Instagram posts are posted every minute, - (^) 204,000,000 emails are sent in a minute, - (^) around 12 hours of footage is uploaded to YouTube and 277,000 tweets are posted on twitter per minute.

what happens in just ONE minute on

the internet: