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Outlin
es
Chapter 4 :
Introductio
n to OS
Operating System
(^) History of Operating System
Components of OS
(^) Kernel (^) Device Drivers (^) User Interface (^) System Utilities
Types of OS
(^) Batch Operating System (^) Time Sharing Operating System (^) Distributed Operating System (^) Network Operating System (^) Real time Operating System
Popular Operating Systems
Introduction to DOS
Operating System
- System^ Software
- Manages^ hardware^ and^ applications.
- Provides^ services^ to^ other^ software.
- Interface^ between^ users^ and^ computer^ hardware.
- Activities (^) Resource Allocation (^) Memory Management (^) CPU Management (^) Device Management (^) Scheduling and more.
- Examples (^) Microsoft Windows (^) LINUX (^) UNIX (^) Android (^) Apple iOS
Operating System
History (continued…)
- 1990’s: (^) Microsoft Windows NT, multi-user OS with multi- processing capabilities. (^) Windows 98, Windows 2000. (^) EPOC (Symbian) OS for mobile devices e.g. Nokia, Sony Ericson.
- 2000’s: (^) Microsoft Windows XP. (^) Pocket PC, later called Windows Mobile, a popular OS for mobile devices. (^) Apple iOS, an OS for iPhone and iPad. (^) Android OS, the most widely used OS for mobile devices. (^) Windows 7 was released.
Components of^ OS
Kernel
- The^ basic^ component^ of^ OS.
- Provides^ control^ over^ hardware.
- Functions (^) Memory management (^) I/O management (^) Provides access to hardware for programs (^) Program execution (^) Device management (^) Data security (^) Organizing data for storage Kernel Task Management Synchronization and Communication Memory Management Timer Management Interrupt and Event Handling Device I/O Management
Components of OS
System Utilities
- The^ programs^ installed^ with^ operating^ system^ that^ are^ not necessary^ for^ the computer to work.
- Help^ to^ configure,^ monitor^ and^ maintain^ a^ computer^ system.
- Examples: (^) Firewall (^) Backup tools (^) Compression tools (^) File manager (^) Network monitors (^) Disk utilities (^) User accounts and more.
Types of OS
Batch Operating System
- Used^ in^ early^ days^ of computing.
- Use^ of devices^ like^ punch^ cards.
- Tasks^ were^ prepared on^ punch^ cards^ and^ submitted^ for^ processing.
- Jobs^ with^ similar^ needs^ grouped^ together^ and^ run^ without^ intervention.
- Slow^ I/O^ process.
Types of OS
Distributed OS
- Several^ interconnected^ computers^ (nodes)^ located^ at^ different^ sites.
- Run^ by^ a^ specific^ OS designed^ to^ serve^ multiple^ applications^ and^ users^ across the network.
- Sharing^ of^ resources.
- Fault^ tolerance
Types of OS
Network OS
- An OS runs^ on^ a^ central^ server,^ allowing^ the^ users^ in^ a^ network^ to^ share applications and resources.
- Manages^ network^ resources.
- Examples: (^) MS Windows Server (^) Linux (^) Mac OS X
Popular OS’s
UNIX
- Developed^ in^ 1969,^ reprogrammed^ in C^ language^ in^ 1973.
- Multi-user
- Multi-tasking
- Time^ sharing
- Components: (^) Master Control Program (Kernel). (^) UNIX Shell (CLI) (^) Utility applications.
- Aimed^ for^ use^ by^ programmers.
Popular OS’s
LINUX
- A^ family^ of^ open^ source^ OS’s^ built^ on^ the LINUX^ kernel.
- Linux^ Kernel: (^) Developed in 1991. (^) Free open source kernel. (^) Built after UNIX was licensed and was no more freely available.
- LINUX^ Distribution: (^) An OS built using LINUX Kernel. (^) Ubuntu, Lubuntu, LINUX Mint etc.
- Run^ on^ 2.3^ %^ of^ PCs^ (as^ of^ 2018).
- Used on a^ large^ number of^ devices^ e.g. embedded systems, PDAs, smartphones and super computers.
Popular OS’s Macintosh OS
- Mac^ OS,^ a^ family^ of^ OS’s^ developed^ by^ Apple^ for^ “Macintosh”.
- Released^ in^ 1984.
- One^ of^ the^ first^ GUI^ based^ OS’s.
- Renamed^ to^ Mac^ OS^ X with^ the^ release^ of^ version^10 (X)^ in^ 2001.
- Renamed^ to^ OS^ X^ in^2012 and^ to^ macOS in^ 2016.
- A basis for apple’s other devices’ OS like iOS and watchOS. (^) Android OS
- Designed^ for^ touch^ screen^ mobile^ devices.
- Open^ source^ project,^ based^ on^ a^ modified^ version^ of Linux^ kernel.
- Developed^ by^ Android^ Incorporation^ and^ sold^ to^ Google^ in^ 2005.
- Introduced^ in^ 2007.
- Most^ widely^ used^ mobile^ OS.
- Adopted^ by^ smartphones^ manufacturing^ giants^ like^ Samsung, HTC, Motorola.
Popular OS’s
IPhone OS
- iOS,^ a^ UNIX^ like^ OS.
- Developed by^ Apple^ for^ their^ mobile^ devices.
- Released^ in^2007 for^ iPhone,^ later^ adopted^ for^ iPad^ and^ iPod^ etc.^ as^ well.
- Provided^ for^ free^ with^ mobile^ devices,^ along^ with^ several^ free^ apps.
- Use^ of^ gestures^ like^ swiping,^ tapping^ and^ pinching^ on^ multi-touch^ screens.
Introduction to DOS
Commonly used DOS commands
(^) DIR : (^) MD : (^) CD : (^) RMDIR : (^) TREE : (^) COPY : (^) XCOPY : (^) DEL : (^) REN : (^) ATTRIB : (^) BACKUP : (^) RESTORE : (^) EDIT : (^) FORMAT : (^) TIME : (^) DATE : used for listing all or specific files in a directory. to make a new directory. used to switch to another working directory from the current directory. used to delete an empty directory. to display all the directory paths on a specified drive. to copy one or more files from a source drive to a destination drive. to copy files and directory including lower level directories. to delete specified files from a drive. to rename a file. used to set or show attributes of files e.g. hidden to backup files form a source drive to a destination drive. to restore files backed up using BACKUP command. to open a text editor to create a new text file or edit an existing one. to format a drive to set or display system time. to set or display date.
References
Ali, R. & Ali, A. (2018). Chapter 4: Introduction to Operating System.
Introduction to Computer and ICT – 1 st^ Edition (pp. 56-65). Muhalla Jangi,
Qissa Khawani, Peshawar, Pakistan: Al-ilum Publications.
