Introduction to Computer and ICT: History, Characteristics, Types, and Generations - Prof., Lecture notes of Computer Science

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ICT

Marks Distribution: Attendance 5 Assignment 5 Quiz 5 Presentations 5 20 internal Marks Mid term 30% Final term 50% Instructor: Mr.Muhammad Mahmood

Outlin

es

Chapter

Introduc

tion to

Computer

Computer

History

Characteristics

Types

Generations

Applications

Social Impact

Dr. Rahman Ali, University of Peshawar. [email protected] Asmat Ali, GHSS no. 1, Mingora Swat. [email protected]

History of

 Computer

First Mechanical Computer

• The^ “Analytical^ Engine”,^ proposed by

Charles Babbage in 1837 and built by Henry Babbage in 1910.

• Consisted^ of^ flow^ control,^ punch

cards, ALU and memory.

 First Programmable Computer

• Created^ by^ Konard^ Zuse^ in^ 1938.

• Electromechanical^ binary

programmable computer, the first really functional machine. 4

History of

 Computer

Turing Machine

• Proposed by^ Alan^ Turing^ in^ 1936.

• An^ information^ processor^ working

through a series of instructions, performing read/write and moving to the next instruction.

 Colossus

• Developed^ by^ Tommy^ Flower^ in^ 1943.

• The^ first^ electric^ programmable

computer.

• Primarily^ aimed^ to^ decrypt^ and

read messages during world war II. 5

History of

 Computer

Whirlwind Machine

• The^ first^ computer^ with^ RAM.

• Introduced^ by^ MIT^ in^ 1955.

 First Desktop Computers

• “Programma^ 101”,^ introduced^ in

• “HP^ 9100A”,^ introduced^ by^ HP^ in

Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali (^7)

History of

Computer

Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali (^8)

 The First Workstation

• Xerox^ Alto,^ introduced^ in^ 1974.

• Fully^ functional^ computer^ with^ display,^ mouse,^ windows,^ menus^ and^ icons.

 The First Microprocessor

• Intel^ 4004.

• Introduced^ by^ Intel^ in^1971

 The First Personal Computer

• Altair^ 8800,^ introduced^ by^ Ed^ Roberts in^ 1975.

• Consisted^ of^ a^ series^ of^ switches^ for^ input/output^ by^ turning^ ON^ and OFF^ a

series of lights.

History of

 Computer

IBM PC

• The^ first^ personal^ computer,^ introduced

by IBM in 1981.

• 8088 processor

•^16 KB^ of^ memory^ extendable^ to^256

KB.

• MS-DOS^ operating^ system.

 Compaq Portable

• Introduced^ by^ Compaq^ in 1983.

• Compatible^ with^ programs^ developed

for IBM computers. Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali (^10)

History of

 Computer

Windows 1.

• Released^ in^ 1985.

• The^ first^ version^ of^ MS^ windows^ line.

•^16 bit^ multi-tasking^ shell^ on^ the^ top

of MS-DOS

• Overlapping windows^ in^ Windows

 First Multimedia Computer

• M2500^ XL/2^ and^ M4020^ SX^ introduced^ in

1992 by Radio Shack.

• Ran^ programs^ that^ combined^ video,

animations, graphics and audio M2500 XL/ Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali (^11)

History of

Computer

Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali (^13)

 History, 1990 – onward (continued)

•^2006 –^ Apple^ introduced^ MacBook^ pro,^ the^ first^ dual^ core^ laptop^ computer.

•^2007 –^ Steve^ Jobs^ launched^ iPhone.

•^2009 –^ Microsoft^ released^ windows^ 7.

•^2010 –^ Apple^ introduced^ iPad,^ a^ multi^ touch^ screen^ computer.

• 2011 – Google introduced ChromeBook which runs Google chrome OS.

•^2015 –^ Microsoft^ released^ windows^ 10.^ Apple^ introduced^ the^ Apple^ Watch.

•^2016 –^ China’s^ Sunway^ TaihuLight^ supercomputer^ became^ the^ world’s^ most

powerful computer.

Characteristics of

 Computer

Accuracy

• Every^ calculation^ should^ be

performed with the same accuracy.

• High^ degree of^ accuracy.

• Any^ inaccuracy^ is^ the^ result of

inaccurate data.

 Speed

• Modern^ computers^ run millions and

billions of instructions in a second.

• Even^ the^ slowest^ computers^ should

perform calculations much faster than humans. Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali (^14)

Characteristics of

Computer

Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali (^16)

 Versatility

• Should^ be^ able^ to^ be^ used^ in^ multiple^ areas:

 (^) Scientific research  (^) Medicine  (^) Multimedia  (^) Astronomy  (^) Agriculture and many more.

 Memory

• Stores^ huge^ amounts^ of^ data,^ from^ GBs^ to^ hundreds^ of TBs

 AI and Decision Making

• Modern^ computers^ can^ imitate^ human intelligence^ and^ can^ perform^ intelligent

decision making alongside logical and arithmetic operations.

• AI^ is^ applied in^ robotics,^ gaming,^ medicine,^ scientific^ research^ and^ more.

Types of

 Computer

Embedded Computer

• A^ small^ computer^ device built^ into^ another

device, e.g. the computer embedded in an ATM machine.

 Personal Computer

• Also^ called^ PC^ or^ desktop^ computer.

• Screen separated^ from^ the^ case^ containing^ mother

board and power supply.

• Mouse,^ keyboard^ and other^ external^ peripherals.

• Several^ categories^ including:

 (^) Tower model  (^) Desktop model  (^) Laptop and Notebook  (^) Tablet  (^) Hybrid computer  (^) Personal digital assistant (PDA) and more. Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali (^17)

Types of

 Computer

Server Computer

• Run^ server^ software^ to^ respond^ to^ clients.

• Powerful,^ capable^ of^ responding^ to^ several^ clients.

 Mainframe Computer

• Powerful^ computers

• Multiple^ user^ interfaces

• Reliability,^ availability,^ serviceability.

• Applied^ where^ processes^ are^ to^ be done

with no downtime. Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali (^19)

Types of

 Computer

Mini Computer

• Mid^ range^ computers.

• Small^ computers^ with^ most^ of^ the^ features^ of^ large

computers.

• Smaller^ than^ mainframe^ and^ larger^ than

microcomputers.

• Mostly^ used^ as^ server^ computers.

P D P - 8 , a m i n i Introduction To Computer & ICT – by Dr. Rahman Ali & Asmat Ali c 20