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GAIL DAV PUBLIC SCHOOL

2019-

Submitted by:

Suryansh Srivastav

Class : XII A

School Roll no. : 28

Board Roll no. :

CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT Submitted To: Mrs. Seema Agarwal

1 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the investigatory project work entitled “ FOAMING CAPACITY OF SOAPS AND DETERGENTS” is original project work done by Suryansh Srivastav during the academic year 2019-20 under the guidance if Mrs. Seema Agarwal. The references taken in making this project have been declared at the end of this report. Venue: GAIL DAV Public School, GAIL GAON, Dibiyapur Date: DECLARATION

3 Acknowledgement

I would like to express my greatest

gratitude to the people who have helped &

supported me throughout my project. I

respect and thanks to my chemistry

teacher Mrs. Seema Agarwal for her

continuous support for the project, from

initial advice to this day.

I wish to thank my parents for their

undivided support and interest who

inspired me and encouraged me to go to

my own way and without whom I would not

be able to complete my project.

A special thank of mine goes to my

friends who helped me in completing the

project & made this project easy and

accurate. Finally I would thank GOD who

made all the things possible.

4

Topic :

FOAMING

CAPACITY OF

SOAPS AND

DETERGENTS

Page 6

9. Conclusion 19
10. Bibliography 20 Introduction

A detergent is a chemical compound or mixture

of compounds used as a cleaning agent. Soap is a

cleaning agent that is composed of one or

more salts of fatty acids. Thus, by its broad

definition, detergent is an umbrella term that

includes soaps and other cleaning agents with

various chemical compositions. Often, however,

the term detergent is used in a narrower sense to

refer to synthetic cleaning agents that are not

soaps (that is, not salts of fatty acids). Conversely,

the term soap is often used in a broader sense to

include a variety of cleaning agents (such as

"laundry soap"). Here, the term detergent will be

used in its broader sense (to include soaps), and

the term soap will be used for products that

consist mainly of fatty acid salts.

7 History and preparation

Soap are sodium or potassium salts of higher fatty

acid such as Stearic acid (C 17 H 35 COOH). Soap such

asC 17 H 35 COONa

are very effective cleasing agent

so ong as they remain soluble in water hardening

ions , Such as Ca

2+

, Mg

2+

, and Fe

3+

react with soap

and form insoluble compound and thus interfere in

cleansing action of soap. Washing action of soap is

due to emulsification of grease and taking it away

in the water along with dirt or dust present of

grease.

9 soap solution then the solubility of soap decrease due to which soap separate out from the solution in the form of solid and starts floating on the surface, the curt of soap thus formed is removed and put in moulds to get soap cakes, the various colour and perfumes are also added during the precipitation of soap. Although the reaction is shown as one step reaction, it is in fact two steps. The net effect as that the ester bonds all broken. The glycerol turns black into an alcohol. The fatty acid is turned into a salt due to the presence of a basic solution of NaoH. In the carboxyl group, one oxygen now has a negative charge that attacks the positive sodium ion. A molecule of soap consists of two parts: a) Alkyl group - it is oil soluble.

b) Carboxyl group – It is water soluble.

Types of soaps: There are many types of soaps, depending upon the usage. There are hard and soft, and everything in- between soaps. Hardness of soap is often achieved

Page 10 through the addition of hardening agents, so many natural soaps tend to be softer. Laundry soaps Laundry soaps are formulated to eliminate grease, solid particles and organic compounds from clothes. They can be found in liquid , powder and gel forms. Cleaning soaps Cleaning soaps have different formulations to clean grease and soil. The difference between cleansers and cleaning soaps is that cleaning soaps don't contain harsh abrasives. Personal soaps This kind of soap is made in many forms and special formulations for specific personal hygiene needs. One type of the personal soap is the antibacterial soap that is made to prevent bacteria and viruses from spreading. There are also body and hair soaps that have a mix of ingredients that cleans both the skin and hair. Novelty soaps Novelty soaps are especially manufactured for the kids and include the soaps in the shapes of various items, such as a rubber ducky or the soap-on-the-rope. There are made not only to clean dirt and grime, but for amusement and enjoyment as well. Perfumed soaps Perfumed soaps are produced by adding a few additional ingredients and perfume. Guest soaps Guest soaps are miniature soaps that are made and shaped into attractive shapes and they are basically designed for the use by guests either in the main bathroom or separate guest bathroom. Popular and commonly used shapes are flowers, sea shells and rounds

12 Normally, oil and water don't mix, so they separate into two different layers. Soap breaks up the oil into smaller drops, which can mix with the water. It works because soap is made up of molecules with two very different ends. One end of soap molecules love water - they are hydrophilic. The other end of soap molecules hate water - they are hydrophobic. Hydrophobic ends of soap molecule all attach to the oil. Hydrophilic ends stick out into the water. This causes a drop of oil to form. These drops of oil are suspended in the water. This is how soap cleans your hands - it causes drops of grease and dirt to be pulled off your hands and suspended in water. These drops are washed away when you rinse your hands.

13 Limitations of soaps: Hard water contains calcium and magnesium salts. Soap is not suitable for washing with water because of two reason:  When soap is used for washing clothes hard water a large amount of soap is wasted in reacting with calcium and magnesium ions of hard water to form insoluble precipitate called Scum before it can be used for the real purpose of washing.  The scum formed by the action of hard water on soap, sticks to the clothes being washed and interferes with cleaning ability of the additional soap. This makes the cleansing of clothes difficult. Soap does not give lather with hard water easily because first react with the Ca ions and Mg ions wager to form insoluble precipitate Ca ions or Mg ions and therefore lather easily when soap is added.

15 Uses Detergents are commonly used in products for personal hygiene, dishwashing, and laundry. They are also used as ingredients in antiseptic agents, dry-cleaning solutions, lubricating oils, and gasoline. Both carburetors and fuel injector components of Otto engines benefit from detergents in the fuels to prevent fouling. Concentrations are about 300 ppm. Typical detergents are long-chain amines and amides such as polyisobuteneamine and polyisobuteneamide/succinimide . Soap is the term for a salt of a fatty acid or for a variety of cleansing and lubricating products produced from such a substance. Household uses for soaps include washing, bathing, and other types of housekeeping, where soaps act as surfactants, emulsifying oils to enable them to be carried away by water. In industry, they are used as thickeners, components of some lubricants, and precursors to catalysts

16 Experiment

Aim: To compare the foaming capacity of five different commercial soaps.

Apparatus:

i. 5 test tube ii. 5 conical flask(100mL) iii. Test tube stand iv. Burner v. Stopwatch

Theory:

The foaming capacity of a soap sample depends upon the nature of soap and its concentration. This can be compared for various samples of soaps by taking the same concentration of solution and shaking them.

18

Observation Table:

S.no Brand names of the soaps Time taken for disappearance

Result:

The cleansing capacity of the soaps taken is in the order: RIN>LUX> LIFEBOY>DOVE>PEATS From this experiment we can conclude that rin has the highest foaming capacity or in other words higher cleaning capacity

19 Pears on the other hand is found to have taken the least time for the disappearance of foam produced and then is arid to have least foaming or cleaning capacity. Conclusion: The soap for which the time taken for the disappearance of foam is maximum has maximum foaming capacity and is best quality for cleaning purposed. As it is concluded that the soaps are used to clean dirt and grease by forming micelles. So those soaps which have higher foaming capacity have good cleansing property. Due to this reason, only the expensive soaps like Lux will have cleansing property and are used as beauty soaps but their moisturizing power is less so soaps like dove and pears are preferred although its cleansing property is less.