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IoT Access Technologies at a Glance
Six leading technologies for connecting smart objects, each optimized for different use cases.
IEEE 802.15.
Low-cost, low data rate WPAN for home and industrial automation
IEEE 802.15.4g/e
Smart utility networks with enhanced MAC and larger payloads
IEEE 1901.2a
Narrowband power line communication over existing electrical wiring
IEEE 802.11ah
Sub-GHz Wi-Fi (Wi-Fi HaLow) for large-scale sensor deployments
LoRaWAN
LPWA with chirp spread spectrum for long-range, low- power endpoints
NB-IoT & LTE-M
Licensed-band cellular IoT with improved indoor coverage
IEEE 802.15.4 โ Foundation of Low-Rate WPANs
Key Characteristics
- (^) Low cost, low data rate, battery-friendly
- (^) PHY options: 2.4 GHz (250 kbps), 915 MHz (40 kbps), 868 MHz (20 kbps)
- (^) MAC frame types: Data, Beacon, Acknowledgement, Command
- (^) Security: AES-128 encryption
- (^) Topology: Star, Peer-to-Peer, Mesh
Protocol Stacks Built on 802.15.
ZigBee โ Home, building automation, healthcare 6LoWPAN โ IPv6 adaptation layer Thread โ Secure home mesh networking WirelessHART โ Industrial process control
IEEE 802.11ah (Wi-Fi HaLow) & LoRaWAN
IEEE 802.11ah โ Sub-GHz Wi-Fi
Optimized for large-scale IoT with sub-GHz penetration
and low power.
- (^) Up to 8,192 devices per access point
- (^) Target Wake Time, sectorization, restricted access
windows
- (^) Star topology with sectorization
- (^) Security: AES (same as 802.15.4 family) LoRaWAN โ LPWA Star-of-Stars
Chirp spread spectrum enables long-range, low-power
communication in unlicensed bands.
- (^) Class A: Battery-optimized, two receive windows
- (^) Class B: Scheduled receive windows via beaconing
- (^) Class C: Continuously listening (mains-powered)
- (^) Dual-layer AES: network + application session keys
NB-IoT & LTE Variations 3GPP evolved cellular standards for massive IoT โ low throughput, low power, improved coverage.
LTE Cat 0
Release 12, 1 Mbps, power saving
NB-IoT
Narrowband, 164 dB link budget, massive IoT
LTE-M
1.4 MHz, ~ kbps, enhanced DRX NB-IoT supports three deployment modes: Standalone (reuses GSM carriers), In-Band (within LTE spectrum), and Guard Band (between LTE/WCDMA bands). A 164 dB link budget โ 20 dB better than GPRS โ ensures deep indoor penetration.
