It’s good read it please, Summaries of Pathology

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INTRODUCTION TO

PATHOLOGY

By : Dr Nebil (MD)

Introduction

Patho – suffering

Logos – study

It is devoted to the study of the

structural & functional changes in

cells, tissues, & organs underlying

diseases.

Definition of pathology…

It is the “ Scientific study of

disease"

"scientific study of the molecular,

cellular, tissue, or organ system

response to injurious agents.“

Ctd…

Traditionally Pathology is divided in to :

1. General pathology – deals with

basic /common reactions of cells &

tissues to abnormal stimuli that

underlie all disease.

1. Systemic pathology – specific

responses of specialized organs &

tissues to more or less well defined

stimuli.

Ctd…

1. Etiology

Cause of the disease

If the cause of the disease is known it

is called primary etiology

If the cause of the disease is

unknown it is called idiopathic

Ctd…

Two factors:-

Intrinsic or genetic

Acquired ( infectious, nutritional,

chemical, physical…)

Ctd…

1. Morphological changes

Structural alterations induced in the

cells & organs of the body

Characteristic to the disease or

diagnostic to the etiologic process

Ctd…

Both the gross & the microscopic

morphologic changes may only be

seen in that disease, i.e. they may

be specific to that disease

( pathognomonic ).

Diagnostic modalities

 Most are based on morphologic changes

 Diagnostic techniques:

1. Cytopathology
2. Histopathology
3. Hematopathology
4. Immunohistochemistry
5. Microbiological examination
6. Biochemical examination
7. Cytogenetics
8. Molecular techniques
9. Autopsy

Cytopathology

Study the cells

Used in:

Screening for early detection of

cancer

Diagnosis of symptomatic cancer

Diagnosis of inflammatory condition,

infectious

Surveillance of patients treated with

cancer

Histopathology

Studies the tissue under the

microscope

Tissues are obtained by biopsy



Biopsy – tissue sample from living

person

Tissue examined grossly

(macroscopically) & microscopically

It is usually the gold standard for

pathologic diagnosis

Hematological examination

This is a method by which

abnormalities of the cells of the

blood & their precursors in the

bone marrow are investigated.

Immunohistochemistry

This is a method used to detect a

specific antigen in the tissue in order

to identify the type of the disease