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Notes on the theme of jealousy in othello
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Furthermore, Shakespeare’s presentation of Othello’s relationship with Iago seems to offer an insight into the motives behind Iago’s aforementioned corruption and malicious intent: rather than Iago’s evil being baseless, it is symptomatic of It is not rooted in pure malicious intent; rather it arises from class frustrations and sexual jealousy, in particular. Critic Samuel Coleridge lectured in 1818 that Iago is driven by ‘motiveless malignity’, comparing Iago to the ‘devil’. Coleridge suggests, therefore, that Iago is not driven by any motive when he corrupts his relationship with Othello, other than to satiate his own evil nature. Perhaps, on the surface, this appears a reasoned perspective. In Iago’s first soliloquy, he calls upon ‘hell and night’ to help destroy Othello. Indeed, Shakespeare’s deliberate choice of imagery here shows Iago aligning himself with devilish forces, and does depict him as evil. However, Coleridge oversimplifies Iago and his relationship with Othello immensely: when considering Shakespeare’s characterisation of Iago as a whole, Iago is indisputably driven by more than mere evil with no foundation. “Shakespeare uses the complexity of Iago and Othello’s relationship to subvert binaries such as good vs. evil or hero vs. villain.” As iago is not a simple villain or o as a simple tragic hero Shakespeare first introduces this in 1:1 - ‘And what was he… a Florentine… that never set a squadron in the field’ - with reference to Cassio. Here, Shakespeare almost immediately establishes class as a driving source for Iago’s evil.
The noun ‘Florentine’ clearly highlights Iago’s disdain and frustration in Cassio being promoted over him by Othello due to Cassio’s elevated social standing and positioning. This is emphasised further in 3:3, with Iago stating ‘Tis the curse of service; / Preferment goes by luck and not by desert.’ Here, Shakespeare reinforces one root of Iago’s cruelty. This seems symptomatic of Iago’s underlying frustration and anger around the social hierarchy he belongs to and that Othello is complicit in, with ‘curse’ symbolic of Iago’s belief that this is like a plague or corruptive influence. Perhaps Iago’s ruin of Othello and their relationship also stems from Iago’s own sexual jealousy and belief that Othello has slept with Emilia. Iago quotes ‘Now, I do love her (Desdemona) too; / Not out of absolute lust, though peradventure / I stand accountant for as great a sin, / But partly led to diet [feed] my revenge’ (2-1), and ‘I confess, it is my nature's plague / To spy into abuses, and oft my jealousy / Shapes faults that are not’ ( IN this shakesperare is perharps trying to highlight the corruptive effects of extreme jealously, paranoia on ones judgement 3-3)’. Iago’s phrasing here falls into the semantic field of sexual jealousy: ‘Lust’, ‘revenge’, ‘jealousy’. These words demonstrate that Iago is sexually insecure and somewhat unstable, with Shakespeare therefore highlighting that Iago’s destruction of Othello is somewhat catalysed by this. Therefore, instead of Iago’s machinations being rooted in passion and love for Desdemona like Cinthio in Giovanni Giraldi’s ‘Gli Hecatommithi’ - the text that Shakespeare based Othello on - they are rooted in complex web of emotion, reason which critiques the conformity to ideas that the human person can be reduced to a simplistic binary. Shakespeare uses Iago’s relationship with Othello to explore this, and in doing so, undermines Coleridge's statement of Iago’s ‘motiveless malignity’.