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K201 - Hardware and Software, Study notes of Management Information Systems

Indiana University Bloomington (IU)Management Information Systems

K201xP Indiana University Bloomington, Kelley School of Business. Using MIS Ch.4 Hardware and Software. Topics include: Operating systems, Virtualization's, and Applications.

Typology: Study notes

2011/2012

Uploaded on 11/14/2012

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K201+–+Computers+in+Business+
“Hardware+and+Software”+
+
v What+Do+Business+Professionals+Need+to+Know+About+Computer+Hardware?+
Ø Basic+Components+
§ Input+HardwareH+devices+like+keyboard,+mouse,+document+scanners,+and+
barHcode+scanners+
§ Central+Processing+UnitH+selects+instructions,+processes+them,+performs+
arithmetic+and+logical+comparisons,+and+stores+results+of+operations+in+
memory+
§ DualHProcessorH+a+computer+with+2+CPUs+
§ QuadHProcessorH+a+computer+with+four+CPUs+
§ Main+MemoryH+CPU+reads+data+and+instructions+from+memory,+and+it+
stores+results+of+computations+in+main+memory.+
§ Output+HardwareH+video+displays,+printers,+audio+speakers+
§ Storage+HardwareH+saves+data+and+programs.+Magnetic+disk+is+by+far+the+
most+common+storage+device+
§ Universal+Serial+Bus+(USB)H+USB+connectors+simplified+the+connections+of+
peripheral+gear+to+computers+for+both+manufactures+and+users+and+are+
widely+used+
Ø Computer+Data+
§ Binary+DigitsH+computers+represent+data+using+binary+digits,+called+bits.+A+
bit+is+either+a+zero+or+a+one.+
§ BytesH+8+bit+chunks++
Ø How+Does+a+Computer+Work?+
§ To+run+a+program+or+process+data,+the+computer+first+transfers+the+
program+or+data+from+disk+to+main+memory.+
§ To+execute+and+instruction,+it+moves+the+instruction+from+main+memory+
in+the+CPU+via+the+data+channel+or+bus.+The+CPU+has+a+small+amount+of+fast+
memory+called+a+cache.+The+CPU+keeps+frequently+used+instructions+in+the+
cache.+
§ Main+memory+contains+instructions+for+the+operations+system,+which+is+a+
program+that+controls+the+computer’s+resources.+
§ If+there+is+not+enough+memory,+the+CPU+will+remove+a+block+of+memory+
and+place+the+justHrequested+program+or+data+in+the+vacated+space.+This+is+
called+memory+swapping.+
Ø What+Is+the+Difference+Between+a+Client+and+a+Serve?+
§ Users+employ+client+computers+for+word+processing,+spreadsheets,+
database+access,+and+so+forth.+Most+client+computers+also+have+software+
that+enables+them+to+connect+to+a+network.++
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Download K201 - Hardware and Software and more Study notes Management Information Systems in PDF only on Docsity!

K201 – Computers in Business “Hardware and Software” v What Do Business Professionals Need to Know About Computer Hardware? Ø Basic Components § Input Hardware-­‐ devices like keyboard, mouse, document scanners, and bar-­‐code scanners § Central Processing Unit-­‐ selects instructions, processes them, performs arithmetic and logical comparisons, and stores results of operations in memory § Dual-­‐Processor-­‐ a computer with 2 CPUs § Quad-­‐Processor-­‐ a computer with four CPUs § Main Memory-­‐ CPU reads data and instructions from memory, and it stores results of computations in main memory. § Output Hardware-­‐ video displays, printers, audio speakers § Storage Hardware-­‐ saves data and programs. Magnetic disk is by far the most common storage device § Universal Serial Bus (USB)-­‐ USB connectors simplified the connections of peripheral gear to computers for both manufactures and users and are widely used Ø Computer Data § Binary Digits-­‐ computers represent data using binary digits, called bits. A bit is either a zero or a one. § Bytes-­‐ 8 bit chunks Ø How Does a Computer Work? § To run a program or process data, the computer first transfers the program or data from disk to main memory. § To execute and instruction, it moves the instruction from main memory in the CPU via the data channel or bus. The CPU has a small amount of fast memory called a cache. The CPU keeps frequently used instructions in the cache. § Main memory contains instructions for the operations system, which is a program that controls the computer’s resources. § If there is not enough memory, the CPU will remove a block of memory and place the just-­‐requested program or data in the vacated space. This is called memory swapping. Ø What Is the Difference Between a Client and a Serve? § Users employ client computers for word processing, spreadsheets, database access, and so forth. Most client computers also have software that enables them to connect to a network.

§ Servers-­‐ provide some service. Some servers process email; others process website; other process large, shared databases; and some provide all of these functions. § Server Farm-­‐ servers in a farm coordinate their activities in an incredibly sophisticated and fascinating technology dance. v What Do Business Professionals Need to Know About Software? Ø Every computer has an operating system, which is a program that controls that computer’s resources. Some of the functions of a operating system are to read and write data, allocate main memory, perform memory swapping, start and stop programs, respond to error conditions, and facilitate backup and recovery. Ø You need to understand two important software constraints. First a particular version of an operating system is written for a particular type of hardware. Second, application programs are written to use a particular operating system. v What Are the Major Operating Systems? Ø Nonmobile Client Operating Systems § Used on desktops and portable computers. § Microsoft Windows-­‐ some version of Windows resides on more than 85 percent of the world’s desktops, and, if we consider just business users, the figure is more than 95 percent. § Mac OS-­‐ until recently Macs were used primarily by graphic artists and works in the arts community. The Mac has made recent headway into the traditional Windows market. § Unix-­‐ developed at Bell Labs in the 1970s. It has been the workhorse of the scientific and engineering communities since then. § Linux-­‐ version of Unix that was developed by the open source community. This community is a loosely coupled group of programmers who mostly volunteer their time to contribute code to develop and maintain Linus. Ø Mobile Client Operating Systems § Symbian-­‐ popular on phones in Europe and the Far East, but less so in North America § Blackberry OS-­‐ was one of the most successful early mobile operating systems and was used primarily by business users on BlackBerry devices. § iOS-­‐ used on the iPhone, iPod Touch, and iPad. When first released, it broke new ground with its ease of use and compelling display, features that are now being copied by the BlackBerry OS and Android. § Android-­‐ licensed by Google. Android devices have a very loyal following, especially among technical users Ø Server Operating Systems

Ø What Is Firmware? § Firmware is computer software that is installed into devices such as printers, print servers, and various types of communication devices. The software is coded just like other software, but it is installed into special, read-­‐only memory of the printer or other device. v Open Source Software a Viable Alternative? Ø GNU-­‐ a self referential acronym meaning GNU Not Unix for creating a free Unix-­‐like operating system Ø GPL agreement-­‐ General public license, one of the standard license agreements for open source software v How Does Open Source Work? Ø Open Source-­‐ the term open source means that the source code of the program is available to the public Ø Source Code-­‐ is computer code as written by humans and that is understandable by humans Ø Machine Code-­‐ source code is compiled into machine code that is processed by a computer. Ø Closed Source Project-­‐ the source code is protected like gold in a vault. Only those trusted programmers can make changes to a closed source project v So Is Open Source Viable? Ø The answer depends on whom and for what Ø It is now generally accepted that the future will involve a blend of both proprietary and open-­‐source software. Ø Sometimes companies choose open source software because it is free. It turns out that this advantage may be less important than you’d think, because in many cases support and operational costs swamp the initial licensing fee. Ø Buying Decisions § Hardware, software, data, procedures, people Medium to small organizations will usually standardize on a single client operating system because the costs of supporting more than one are unjustifiable.