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Chapter 17 System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)- process for developing info systems from planning and analysis through implementation and maintenance Planning- establishing a high level plan of the intended project and determining project goals Analysis- analyzing end user business requirements and refining project goals into defined functions and operations of intended systems Design- describing the desired features and operations of the system Development- taking all of the detailed design documents from the design phase and transforming them into the actual system Testing- bringing all the projects pieces together into a special testing environment to test for errors, bugs, and interoperability and verify that the system meets all of the business requirements defined in the analysis phase Implementation- placing the system into production so users can begin to perform actual business operations with the system Maintenance- performing changes, corrections, additions, and upgrades to ensure the system continues to meet the business goal Business Requirements- detailed set of business requests that the system must meet in order to be successful Waterfall Methodology- sequential, activity-based process in which each phase in the SDLC is performed sequentially from planning through implementation and maintenance. Rapid Application Development (RAD)- emphasizes extensive user involvement in the rapid and evolutionary construction of working prototypes of a system to accelerate the systems development process Prototype- smaller scale representation or working model of the user’s requirements or a proposed design for an information system Extreme Programming (XP) Methodology- breaks a project into tiny phases and developers can’t continue on the next phase until the first phase is complete Agile Methodology- form of XP, aims for customer satisfaction through early and continuous delivery of useful software components Info Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL)- framework of best practice approaches intended to facilitate the delivery of high IT services
Scope Creep- scope of a project increases Feature Creep- developers add extra features that were not part of the initial requirements Project Management- application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to project activities in order to meet or exceed stockholders needs and expectations for a project Project Management Software- specifically supports the long term and day to day management and execution of the steps in a project Critical Success Factor (CSF)- factor that is critical to an organization’s success Feasibility Study- determines if the proposed solution is feasible and achievable from a financial, technical, and organizational standpoint Requirements Definition Document- contains the final set of business requirements, prioritized in order of business importance Sign-off- systems users’ actual signature indicating they approve of all the business requirements Process Modeling- graphically representing the process that capture, manipulate, store and distribute info between a system and its environment Data Flow Diagram (DFD)- illustrated the movement of info between external entities and the processes and data stores within the system Computer-aided software engineering (CASE)- tools are software suites that automate systems analysis, design, and development Commercial off-the shelf (COTS) software- is a software package or solution that is purchased to support one or more business functions and information systems Modeling- activity of drawing a graphical representation of a design Graphical User Interface (GUI)- interface to an info system GUI Screen Design- ability to model the info system screens for an entire system using icons, buttons, menus, and submenus Data Models- represents a formal way to express data relationships to a database management system Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)- technique for documenting the relationships between entities in a database environment Test Conditions- detailed steps the system must perform along with the expected results of each step User Documentation- highlights how to use the system
Critical Path- a path from the start to the finish that passes through all the taks that are critical to completing the project in the shortness amount of time. Gantt Chart- simple bar chart that depicts project tasks against a calendar Change Management- set of techniques that aid in evolution, composition, and policy management of the design and implementation of a system Change Control Board (CCB)- responsible for approving or rejecting all change requests Project Risk- uncertain event or condition that, if it occurs, has a positive or negative effect on a project objectives Risk Management- process of proactive and ongoing identification, analysis, and response to risk factors Chapter 15 Core competency- they key strength of a business, a business function that it does better than any of its competitor Core Competency Strategy- strategy in which an organization chooses to focus specifically on what it does better and forms partnerships and alliances with other specialist organizations to handle nonstrategic business process Info Partnership- occurs when two or more organizations cooperate by integrating their IT systems, thereby providing customers with the best of what each can offer Collaboration System- is an IT based set of tolls that supports the work of teams by facilitating the sharing and flow of info Unstructured Collaboration- document exchange, shared whiteboards, discussion forums, and e-mail Structured Collaboration- shared participation in business processes, such as workflow, in which knowledge is hard-coded as rules Knowledge Management- capturing, classifying, evaluating, retrieving, and sharing info assests in a way that provides context for effective decisions and actions Knowledge Management System- supports the capturing, organization, and dissemination of knowledge throughout an organization Explicit Knowledge- consists of anything that can be documented, archived, and codified, often with the help of IT Tacit Knowledge- knowledge contained in people’s heads Social Networking Analysis (SNA)- process of mapping a group’s contacts to identify who knows whom and who works with whom
Content Management System- provides tools to manage the creation, storage, editing, and publication of info in a collaborative environment Wikis- web-based tolls that make it easy for users to add, remove and change online content Business Wikis- collaborative web pages that allow users to edit documents, share ideas, or monitor the status of a project Workflow- defines all the steps or business rules, from beginning to end, required for a business process Workflow Management Systems- facilitate the automation and management of business processes and control the movement of work through the business process Messaging-Based Workflow Systems- send work assignments through an e-mail system Database-Based Workflow Systems- store documents in a central location and automatically ask the team member to access the document when it is their turn to edit the document Groupware- software that supports team interaction and dynamics including calendaring, scheduling, and videoconferencing Videoconference- set of interactive telecommunication technologies that allow two or more locations to interact via two way video and audio transmission simultaneously Web Conferencing- blends audio, video, and document sharing technologies to create virtual meeting rooms where people gather at a password protection web site Instant Messaging- type of communications service that enables someone to create a kind of private chat room with another individual in order to communicate in real time over the internet Chapter 16 Wireless Fidelity- means linking computers using infrared or radio signals Bluetooth- omnidirectional wirless technology that provides limited range voice and data transfer over the unlicensed 2.4 GHz frequency band, allowing connections with a wide variety of fixed and portable devices Radio Frequency Identification- technologies use active or passive tags in the form of chips or smart labels that can store unique identifiers and relay this info to electronic readers RFID Tags- contain microchips and an antenna, and typically work by transmitting a serial number via radio waves to an electric reader, which confirms the identity of a person or object bearing the tag Microwave Transmitters- satellite systems are commonly used to transmit network signals over great distance
Computer Simulation- complex systems, such as a us economy, can be modeled by means of mathematical equations and different scenarios can be run against the model to determine “what if” analysis Historical Analysis- historical events are studied to anticipate the outcome of current developments Digital Ink- refers to technology that digitally represents handwriting in its natural form Radio Paper- dynamic high resolution electronic display that combines a paperlike reading experience with the ability to access info anytime, anywhere. Digital Paper- any paper that is optimized for any type of digital printing Teleliving- refers to using info devices and the internet to conduct all aspects of life seamlessly Virtual Assistant (VA)- small program stored on a PC or portable device that monitors e-mails, faxes, messages, and phone calls Autonomic Computing- self managing computing model named after and patterned on the human body’s autonomic nervous system Onshore Outsourcing- process of engaging another company within the same country for services Nearshore Outsourcing- contracting an outsourcing arrangement with a company in a nearby country Offshore Outsourcing- using organizations from developing countries to write code and develop systems Multisourcing- combination of professional services, mission critical support, remote management, and hosting services that are offered to customers in any combination needed.
