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Kidney Functions and Blood Regulation Study Guide, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Biology

Virginia State University (VSU)Biology

Kidney Functions and Blood Regulation Study Guide

Typology: Study Guides, Projects, Research

2023/2024

Available from 07/18/2024

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Kidney Functions and Blood Regulation Study Guide
1. Kidney Function Regulation of blood volume and solute
concentra-
tions
2. Blood-related
Kidney Functions
3. Blood Balance
Mainte- nance
4. Excess Water
and Wastes
Removal
Excludes control of blood glucose levels
Involves filtering blood and removing
waste prod- ucts
Function related to long-term acid-base
balance
5. Renin Hormone regulating blood pressure by
influencing blood volume
6. Erythropoietin Stimulates red blood cell production
7. Vitamin D Activation Function involving the kidneys
8. Chronic Kidney Dis-
ease Impact on
Vitamin D
Decreases vitamin D activation
9. Erythropoietin Role Stimulating bone marrow to produce red
blood cells
10. Ureters Function Transport urine from the kidneys to the
bladder
11. Urinary Bladder Loca-
tion Below the kidneys in the urinary system
12. Urethra Function Passage of urine from the bladder to the
external
environment
13. Renal Hilum Entry and exit point for all vessels in the
kidney
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Kidney Functions and Blood Regulation Study Guide

  1. Kidney Function Regulation of blood volume and solute concentra- tions 2. Blood-related **Kidney Functions
  2. Blood Balance** **Mainte- nance
  3. Excess Water** and Wastes Removal Excludes control of blood glucose levels Involves filtering blood and removing waste prod- ucts Function related to long-term acid-base balance
  4. Renin Hormone regulating blood pressure by influencing blood volume
  5. Erythropoietin Stimulates red blood cell production
  6. Vitamin D Activation Function involving the kidneys 8. Chronic Kidney Dis- ease Impact on Vitamin D Decreases vitamin D activation
  7. Erythropoietin Role Stimulating bone marrow to produce red blood cells
  8. Ureters Function Transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder 11. Urinary Bladder Loca- tion Below the kidneys in the urinary system
  9. Urethra Function Passage of urine from the bladder to the external environment
  10. Renal Hilum Entry and exit point for all vessels in the kidney

Kidney Functions and Blood Regulation Study Guide

  1. Kidney Location At L1 to L4 vertebral level 15. Adrenal Glands Loca- tion Situated atop each kidney

Kidney Functions and Blood Regulation Study Guide

  1. Filtrate Formation Occurs at the glomerular capsule 30. Acid-Base Balance **Regulation
  2. Unneeded** Substances Fate Kidneys' role in maintaining balance Excreted in urine during kidney processing
  1. Renin Function Regulates blood pressure as a kidney- produced hormone 33. Bone Density Regula- **tion
  2. Chronic Kidney** Dis- ease Consequence Kidneys' role via vitamin D activation Linked to low bone density
  3. Ureter Role Transporting urine from kidney to bladder in the urinary system
  4. Renal hilum Site where renal artery, renal vein, ureter, lymphat- ics, and nerves enter and exit the kidney.
  5. Retroperitoneal Position of the kidneys behind the peritoneum.
  6. Glomerulus Unique capillary bed fed and drained by arterioles, creating a high-pressure system.
  7. Renal capsule Structure providing cushioning and protection for the kidney.
  8. Renal cortex Outermost layer of the kidney.
  9. Renal pyramids Triangular-shaped structures in the renal medulla.
  10. Nephron Functional unit responsible for urine formation in the kidney.
  1. Parietal layer Part of the glomerular capsule containing the filtrate within.
  2. Simple squamous Type of epithelium composing the parietal layer of the glomerular capsule.
  3. Visceral layer Layer of the glomerular capsule directly clinging to the glomerulus.
  4. Podocytes Cells in the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule allowing filtrate to pass into the capsule.
  5. Peritubular capillaries Capillaries surrounding the renal tubule responsi- ble for reabsorption and secretion.
  6. Renal columns Structures dividing the renal pyramids in the renal medulla.
  7. Fibrous capsule Outer covering protecting the kidney from infection.
  8. Renal corpuscle Structure in the nephron responsible for the initial formation of filtrate.
  9. Renal medulla Region of the kidney located beneath the renal cortex.
  10. Renal pelvis Structure where urine collects before entering the ureter.
  1. Renal artery Major blood vessel through which blood travels to the kidneys.
  2. Renal vein Blood vessel carrying filtered blood away from the kidneys.
  3. Renal tubule Component through which filtrate passes after for- mation in the renal corpuscle. 60. Glomerular capillaries
  1. Lack of microvilli Characteristic distinguishing DCT cells from PCT cells
  2. Collecting ducts Nephron part composed of principal and intercalat- ed cells
  3. Principal cells Collecting duct cells reabsorbing water and sodium ions
  1. Intercalated cells Collecting duct cells specialized in hydrogen ion reabsorption
  2. Cortical nephrons 85% of nephrons primarily located in the renal cor- tex 76. Juxtamedullary nephrons Nephrons with long loops reaching into the renal medulla
  3. Vasa recta Capillary bed associated with the nephron loop of juxtamedullary nephrons 78. Juxtaglomerular com- plex (JGC) Structure regulating glomerular filtration rate in each nephron
  4. Macula densa Part of the JGC sensing NaCl content in the filtrate
  5. Granular cells JGC cells producing renin for blood pressure regu- lation
  6. Renal papilla Point where urine flows into the minor calyx
  7. Major Calyx Collects urine directly from the minor calyces
  8. Minor Calyx Collects urine directly from the major calyces
  9. Renal Papilla Point of discharge of urine into the minor calyces
  10. Renal Pelvis Collects urine from the minor and major calyces
  1. Renal Tubules Location of reabsorption and secretion in the nephron
  2. Hydrostatic Pressure Primary force driving glomerular filtration
  3. Fenestrations Many openings in the glomerular capillaries 93. Net Filtration **Pressure (NFP)
  4. Blood Osmotic Pres-** **sure (OPgc)
  5. Glomerular Blood Hy-** drostatic Pressure (HPgc) Force driving fluid out of glomerular capillaries Force opposing glomerular blood pressure Primary force driving fluid into the glomerular cap- sule
  6. Myogenic Mechanism Intrinsic control of GFR based on arteriole smooth muscle response 97. Tubuloglomerular Feedback Mechanism detecting sodium chloride levels to reg- ulate GFR
  7. Macula Densa Monitors filtrate sodium chloride levels to control GFR
  8. Afferent Arteriole Responds to blood pressure changes by vasocon- striction or dilation
  9. Intrinsic Control Regulation of GFR within the kidney itself
  10. Extrinsic Control Regulation of GFR by external factors outside the kidney

102. Sympathetic **Nervous System

  1. Norepinephrine** and Epinephrine System responsible for neural control of GFR Constrict afferent arterioles during low blood pres- sure