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LEARNING & BEHAVIOR CH. 3: CLASSICAL
CONDITIONING
acquisition phase - ANS - part of a conditioning experiment in which the subject first experiences a series of CS-US pairings, and during which the CR gradually appears and increases in strength, is called this-- Extinction - ANS - simple technique for producing a reduction and eventual disappearance of the CR is this-- spontaneous recovery - ANS - reappearance of conditioned responding-- Disinhibition - ANS - evidence that extinction is not the complete erasure of previous learning comes from this phenomenon-- Conditioned inhibitor - ANS - a CS prevents the occurrence of a CR or it reduces the size of the CR from what it would otherwise be-- aversive counterconditioning is a procedure that attempts to decrease unwanted behaviors through conditioning and its effectiveness is consistently positive for all behavior problems - ANS - FALSE
The sizes but NOT the temporal patterns of the CR and UR may differ. - ANS - FALSE Rescorla's results showed that whenever the probability of shock was greater when the tone was on than when it was off, the tone became an excitatory CS. - ANS - TRUE in human eyeblink conditioning, the fastest acquisition occurs with a delay of about 0.4 seconds if the subjects are young adults, but with older adults, conditioning is faster with a delay closer to 1 second - ANS
- TRUE The strong nature of backward conditioning points to a strength of the contiguity principle; that is, besides their temporal proximity, the order of the stimuli is important. - ANS - FALSE The technique of decreasing the effectiveness of the CS after an excitatory US has been applied is called US devaluation. - ANS - FALSE something is referred to as a conditioned response (CR) when it occurs without the conditioning procedure - ANS - FALSE
aversive counterconditioning is a procedure that attempts to decrease unwanted behaviors by conditioning aversive reactions to stimuli associated with the behaviors - ANS - TRUE The bell-and-pad method is much less effective than the medications that are commonly prescribed to treat enuresis. - ANS - FALSE Rescorla therefore proposed that the important variable in classical conditioning is not the contiguity of CS and US but rather the correlation between CS and US. - ANS - TRUE The procedure of testing the combined effects of a known excitatory US and a possible inhibitory US is called a summation test. - ANS - FALSE Research in eyeblink conditioning has helped scientists understand classical conditioning but has not proven to be helpful in any "practical" ways. - ANS - FALSE The term a trace conditioning is derived from the notion that since the US is no longer physically present when the CS occurs, the subject must rely on a "memory trace" of the US if conditioning is to occur. - ANS - FALSE
Aversive counterconditioning has been successful in treating fetishes and other sexual deviations. - ANS - TRUE in 1904 Pavlov was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for this work - ANS - TRUE if we conclude that the procedure of extinction simply reverses the effects of the previous acquisition phase, we are almost certainly correct - ANS - FALSE inihibition theory says that the CS-US association formed during extinction is called an excitatory association - ANS - FALSE In long-delay conditioning, CS-US interval refers to the delay between the onsets of the CS and US. - ANS - TRUE Possibly the strongest argument in favor of stimulus substitution theory arises from the finding that in some cases the direction of the CR is opposite to that of the UR. - ANS - FALSE A stimulus will become a conditioned inhibitor if it reliably signals the presence of the US in a context where the US would otherwise be expected to occur. - ANS - FALSE
inihibition theory says that a parallel but inhibitory association develops during acquisition - ANS - FALSE sign-tracking theory states that animals tend to orient themselves toward, approach, and explore any stimuli that are good predictors of important events - ANS - TRUE One reason that interest in the SCR has fallen is that since it is so difficult to use with human subjects, complex stimuli cannot be examined as CSs. - ANS - FALSE one of the most widely held beliefs about classical conditioning—that it involves the simple transfer of a response from one stimulus to another—is not consistent with the facts - ANS - TRUE Because of the evidence for its effectiveness, the use of aversive counterconditioning in the treatment for alcoholism has increased since the 1980s. - ANS - FALSE experiments on the timing of CRs make it very clear that animals learn about temporal relations between CS and US, not just CS-US associations - ANS - TRUE
Classical conditioning is important outside the laboratory in that it gives us a way of understanding "involuntary" behaviors. - ANS - TRUE A method for determining whether a stimulus is inhibitory is to measure how long it takes to turn the stimulus into an excitatory CS. - ANS - TRUE A stimulus will become a conditioned inhibitor if it reliably signals the absence of the US in a context where the US would otherwise be expected to occur. - ANS - TRUE All components of the UR become part of the CR. - ANS - FALSE Experiments on US devaluation and US revaluation suggest that _____ associations are formed in typical classical conditioning with a CS and US. - ANS - S-S One reason for the interest in the SCR is that since it provides a response that can be quickly and reliably conditioned with ____ subjects, many complex stimuli can be examined as ____. - ANS - human; CSs Inhibitory conditioning is most likely to result from - ANS - backward conditioning
Research in eyeblink conditioning has helped scientists to do which of the following? - ANS - -study the effects of aging
- map the brain areas and chemical mechanisms involved in conditioning
- diagnose psychological disorders In classical conditioning, the intensity of the US affects - ANS - -The rate of acquisition
- The asymptote of conditioning Of the following, which is usually not involved when systematic desensitization is used to treat a phobia? - ANS - emetic A commercial that presents a certain brand of cola along with stimuli that most viewers will evaluate positively, such as young, attractive people having a good time illustrates - ANS - -higher order conditioning
- evaluative conditioning
- use of a second-order CS If some pictures are paired with positive adjectives and other pictures of faces with negative adjectives, a person may start to like the first set of faces and dislike the second. This is an example of - ANS - evaluative conditioning
Which is considered a problem with stimulus substitution theory today?
- ANS - -not all parts of the UR to a stimulus become part of the CR
- a CR may include some responses that are not part of the UR
- the CR is almost never an exact replica of the UR Which is a reason why taste aversion learning has received so much attention. - ANS - it is not an ordinary example of classical conditioning The Associationists' principle of contiguity has trouble explaining the comparison between - ANS - short-delay conditioning and simultaneous conditioning In taste-aversion learning, a novel taste is often used as the - ANS - CS Which of the following is TRUE? - ANS - -In human eyeblink conditioning, the fastest acquisition occurs with a delay of about 0.4 seconds if the subjects are young adults, but with older adults, conditioning is faster with a delay closer to 1 second.
- In general, the more similar a stimulus is to the training stimulus, the greater will be its capacity to elicit CRs.
- The predictiveness of a CS is an important determinant of the degree of conditioning the CS undergoes and of whether this conditioning is excitatory or inhibitory.
