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Learning objectives from lecture, Lecture notes of Pathology

Chamberlain College of NursingPathology
Prof. Mary Jones

This document provides structured learning objectives for [system/topic, e.g., Respiratory Pathophysiology], designed for [course + year, e.g., 2nd-year nursing students in NUR 214]. It outlines key concepts, disease mechanisms, and clinical correlations. Content is organized by [units/modules], with clear objectives, concise explanations, and review points to support exam preparation and clinical application.

Typology: Lecture notes

2024/2025

Uploaded on 09/07/2025

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melissa-james-2 🇺🇸

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Question 1 4 / 4 points
Which physiologic effects would be expected to occur in response to
hypotension? (Select all that apply)
a) the RAA system is activated
b) the parasympathetic nervous system is stimulated
c) baroreceptors are triggered
d) the sympathetic nervous system is activated
Question 2 4 / 4 points
A rapid heart rate can be caused by which of the following?  (Select all that apply).
a) pain
b) exercise
c) sleep
d) compensation for low blood pressure
Question 3 4 / 4 points
As compared to the systemic circulation, the pulmonary circulation is a low-pressure system.
True
False
Question 4 4 / 4 points
The __________ are thin-walled, distensible, and collapsible vessels that are capable of enlarging and
storing large quantities of blood.
a) arteries
b) veins
c) capillaries
d) arterioles
Question 5 4 / 4 points
Name the term that describes a period in the action potential curve where no stimuli can generate another
action potential.
a) absolute refractory period
b) supernormal excitatory period
c) relative refractory period
pf3
pf4
pf5

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Download Learning objectives from lecture and more Lecture notes Pathology in PDF only on Docsity!

Question 1 4 / 4 points

Which physiologic effects would be expected to occur in response to

hypotension? (Select all that apply)

a) the RAA system is activated

b) the parasympathetic nervous system is stimulated

c) baroreceptors are triggered

d) the sympathetic nervous system is activated

Question 2 4 / 4 points A rapid heart rate can be caused by which of the following? (Select all that apply). a) pain b) exercise c) sleep d) compensation for low blood pressure Question 3 4 / 4 points As compared to the systemic circulation, the pulmonary circulation is a low-pressure system. True False Question 4 4 / 4 points The __________ are thin-walled, distensible, and collapsible vessels that are capable of enlarging and storing large quantities of blood. a) arteries b) veins c) capillaries d) arterioles Question 5 4 / 4 points Name the term that describes a period in the action potential curve where no stimuli can generate another action potential. a) absolute refractory period b) supernormal excitatory period c) relative refractory period

d) subnormal refractory period Question 6 0 / 4 points Coronary artery that supplies the right ventricle, the posterior and inferior surfaces of the heart, and the SA and AV nodes. a) left anterior descending artery b) obtuse marginal artery c) right coronary artery d) circumflex artery Question 7 4 / 4 points Match the statement with the determinants of cardiac output described. 1 amount of volume to fill the ventricles. 3 frequency with which blood is ejected from the heart 2 resistance against which the heart pumps 4 determined by the interaction of myosin and actin filaments in cardiac muscle fibers

  1. preload
  2. afterload
  3. heart rate
  4. contractility Question 8 4 / 4 points What nerve is responsible for parasympathetic innervation of the heart? a) vagus nerve b) abducens nerve c) brachial nerve d) accessory nerve Question 9 4 / 4 points Thrills, bruits and murmurs are caused by which physiological alteration? a) hypoxemia b) turbulent blood flow c) laminar blood flow d) decreased myocardal contractility Question 10 4 / 4 points Which is the best description of ischemia? a) inadequate tissue perfusion b) impaired immune response c) insufficient vital capacity d) impaired surfactant level Question 11 4 / 4 points What is the most common cause of repiratory acidosis?

a) uncompensated respiratory acidosis b) uncompensated respiratory alkalosis c) compensated metabolic acidosis d) uncompensated metabolic alkalosis Question 17 4 / 4 points Interpret the patient's arterial blood gas. pH - 7. pCO2 - 38 HCO3 - 35 a) respiratory acidosis b) respiratory alkalosis c) metabolic acidosis d) metabolic alkalosis Question 18 4 / 4 points A patient has been placed on a diuretic for high blood pressure and has diuresed 3 liters in one day. His ABG shows that he has developed a metabolic alkalosis. What is the most likely cause? a) Renal failure b) diabetes insipidus c) hypoventilation d) hypokalemia Question 19 4 / 4 points A patient has just returned from surgery and is still heavily sedated. A capnography monitor shows a pCO2 of 58 mm Hg. What is the most likely reason for this elevation in pCO2? a) hyperventilation b) hypoventilation c) renal failure d) hyperkalemia questions on ventilation and oxygenation Question 20 4 / 4 points What parameters are used to measure the amount of oxygen in the blood? a) paO2 and paCO b) pH and paCO c) paO2 and O2 saturation d) pH and HCO

The correct answer is C - paO2 and O2 saturation. The paO2 should be at least 80 mm Hg and the O2 saturation at least 95%. paCO2 measures VENTILATION, not oxygenation. pH is an indicator of acid base balance and a reflection of ventilation, not oxygenation. Question 21 4 / 4 points The movement of gases in and out of the lungs is called oxygenation. a) True b) False Question 22 4 / 4 points Which represents normal respiratory rate and oxygen saturation? a) RR 12-20 min / SpO2>95% b) RR 6-12/min / SpO2 > 85% c) RR 20-30 min / SpO2 > 88% d) RR 6-12/min / SpO2 > 90% Feedback A is correct. Normal RR = 12 - 20/minute. Preferred saturation is greater than 95%. In COPD patients, acceptable range is down to 90%. D is incorrect because the RR is too low. Question 23 4 / 4 points Which 3 factors are needed for adequate oxygen transport to the tissues? a) hemoglobin, carbon dioxide, surfactant b) oxygen saturation, partial pressure of oxygen, baroreceptors c) hemoglobin, cardiac output, oxygen saturation d) cilia, surfactant, intact glossopharyngeal reflex Question 24 4 / 4 points What is the most common example of a perfusion defect at the alveolar capillary level? a) pneumonia b) ARDS c) atelectasis d) pulmonary embolus D is correct. A pulmonary embolus blocks the capillary and doesn't allow blood to reach the alveolus. Therefore, oxygen exchange cannot occur. All of the other choices represent problems with VENTILATION, not perfusion. Question 25 4 / 4 points The correct answer is C. Hemoglobin is the vehicle that transports oxygen. Each hemoglobin molecule needs to be at least 95% saturated with oxygen. The heart serves as the power station to pump the RBCs around the circulatory system to deliver the oxygen (cardiac output). Carbon dioxide is not involved in oxygen transport. Surfactant is a factor in preventing alveolar collapse. Baroreceptors are related to BP, not oxygenation. D relates to protective mechanisms of the lungs, not oxygen transport.

d) vital capacity

What occurs when the heart is stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system?

a) decreased heart rate, increased contractility

b) increased heart rate, decreased contractility

c) decreased heart rate, decreased contractility

d) increase in heart rate, increase in contractility

The rate of blood flow through a vessel is affected by pressure, resistance, and vessel radius.

a) True

b) False

Which parameters should the nurse assess in determining whether a patient has adequate tissue

perfusion? (Select all that apply).

a) blood pressure

b) mental status

c) urinary output

d) capillary refill

e) palpable peripheral pulse