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Learning Objectives MGI 365, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Medical Microbiology

Michigan State University (MSU)Medical Microbiology

Learning objectives for MGI365 with Dr. Morris

Typology: Study Guides, Projects, Research

2025/2026

Uploaded on 03/17/2026

jenna-barks
jenna-barks 🇺🇸

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Introduction
Learning Objectives: After this chapter, the students need to be able to do the following.
1. Describe a laboratory test panel.
2. Compare and contrast diagnostic panels with screen panels.
3. Explain how analytes are chosen for inclusion in test panels.
4. Lists the tests in the CMP.
5. Describe how the CMP is commonly used by health care providers.
6. Describe the specimen and its handling requirement for CMP.
7. Explain common interferences
a. How do they interfere?
b. Three common interferences
8. Diagnostic sensitivity and diagnostic specificity.
a. Define them
b. Explain false positive
c. Explain false negative
9. Analytical sensitivity and analytical specificity.
a. Define them
b. Explain false positive
c. Explain false negative
10.Choose appropriate evacuated blood tubes for each situation.
11.Apply the knowledge above to various situations.
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Introduction

Learning Objectives: After this chapter, the students need to be able to do the following.

  1. Describe a laboratory test panel.
  2. Compare and contrast diagnostic panels with screen panels.
  3. Explain how analytes are chosen for inclusion in test panels.
  4. Lists the tests in the CMP.
  5. Describe how the CMP is commonly used by health care providers.
  6. Describe the specimen and its handling requirement for CMP.
  7. Explain common interferences a. How do they interfere? b. Three common interferences
  8. Diagnostic sensitivity and diagnostic specificity. a. Define them b. Explain false positive c. Explain false negative
  9. Analytical sensitivity and analytical specificity. a. Define them b. Explain false positive c. Explain false negative
  10. Choose appropriate evacuated blood tubes for each situation.

Thyroid

Learning Objectives: After this chapter, the students need to be able to do the following.

  1. Describe anatomy of thyroid
  2. Describe the normal metabolic pathway of synthesis, storage, release, and conversion of thyroid hormones.
  3. Describe the regulation of thyroid hormones’ level.
  4. Describe the mechanism of action of the thyroid hormones.
  5. Compare and contrast T 3 vs T 4
  6. List factors that affect the function of thyroid hormones. a. T3 vs T b. Bound vs free
  7. Explain the pathological outcomes and lab tests results of a. Hyperthyroidism i. Primary 1. Clinical (overt) 2. subclinical ii. Secondary iii. tertiary b. Hypothyroidism i. Primary 1. Clinical (overt) 2. subclinical ii. Secondary iii. Tertiary
  8. Describe two autoimmune thyroid disorders
  9. Interpret thyroid diagnostic panel data
  10. Explain method of analysis (self-study)

Electrolytes: body water

Learning Objectives: After this chapter, the students need to be able to do the following.

  1. Explain types of body water and have rough idea of fractionation.
  2. Compare and contrast osmotic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure (oncotic pressure)
  3. Explain the factors affect water movement across vasculatures.
  4. Teach someone RAA + hypothalamus system and BNP system
  5. Explain analysis methods (self-study)

Electrolytes: Na

+

, K

+

, Cl

-

, Acid-Base

Learning Objectives: After this chapter, the students need to be able to do the following.

  1. Define electrolytes and also know which ones are in CMP.
  2. Explain what will happened to anion gap to various situation and also interpret data
  3. Explain how our body is regulating [Na+] and water.
  4. Describe the factors that influence [Na+]
  5. Describe the physiological role of Na+^ and the significance of increased or decreased concentrations.
  6. Describe the physiological role of K+.
  7. Describe the factors that influence K+^ concentration.
  8. Discuss the effects of hypokalemia and hyperkalemia.
  9. Explain pseudohyperkalemia
  10. Discuss the relationship between Na+^ and Cl-
  11. Explain the relation between [H+] and pH
  12. Explain how acidosis and alkalosis happen.
  13. Describe the synthesis and clearance of carbon dioxide in the body.
  14. Explain the relationship between CO 2 and pH (use the equilibrium reaction)
  15. Discuss the effects of elevated CO 2 and decreased CO 2
  16. Explain: respiratory acidosis/alkalosis, metabolic acidosis/alkalosis
  17. Explain pathological conditions related to electrolyte & acid/base.
  18. Interpret clinical lab test results
  19. Explain analysis methods (self-study)

Glucose

Learning objective: After this chapter, the students need to be able to do the following.

  1. Make connection between biochemistry processes/pathways and this chapter material
  2. Describe the storage of excess glucose and liberation of stored forms of glucose.
  3. Discuss the hormones that influence plasma glucose level
  4. Explain how each hormone influences the biochemical /processes/pathways
  5. Describe the physiological role of insulin in addition to the plasma glucose regulation.
  6. Discuss the complication of high blood glucose. a. Molecular level b. Cell / tissue level c. Pathological condition
  7. Explain ketoacidosis & expected lab test results.
  8. Compare and contrast type I and type II diabetes mellitus
  9. Discuss the influence of fasting on serum glucose concentration.
  10. Interpret diagnostic tests results
  11. Choose appropriate evacuated blood tubes for tests related to this chapter.
  12. Explain analysis methods (self-study)

Liver: Albumin (Alb) and Total Serum Protein (TSP)

Learning objectives: After this chapter, the students need to be able to do the following.

  1. Explain the anatomy of liver and make connections with this chapter materials.
  2. Describe the physiological functions of liver
  3. Explain the detoxification process by liver
  4. Explain the difference between serum and plasma
  5. List important examples of plasma/serum proteins with their source.
  6. Know the major protein in TSP.
  7. Discuss the physiological function of albumin
  8. Describe the conditions that influence serum albumin concentration and TSP
  9. Explain how to get A/G ratio and the meaning of A/G ratio.
  10. Explain how/when TSP, Alb, A/G become abnormal results.
  11. Interpret lab test results.
  12. Explain Method of analysis (self-study)
  13. Choose appropriate blood collection tubes for tests related to this chapter materials

Liver: Bilirubin

Learning Objectives: After this chapter, the students need to be able to do the following.

  1. Explain what is heme and list the main places where we find it in our body
  2. Describe the formation of bilirubin.
  3. Explain the process of bilirubin clearance in the body.
  4. Explain the differences between direct, indirect and total bilirubin.
  5. Explain how we measure direct, indirect and total bilirubin.
  6. Define jaundice and explain its relationship to bilirubin & urobilinogen (Make sure you organize by type of jaundice)
  7. Discuss the conditions in which liver enzymes and bilirubin are abnormal.
  8. Interpret diagnostic testing of liver tests (TSP, Alb, ALT, AST, ALP, Bil).
  9. Explain method of analysis (self-study)

Calcium & Bone

Learning Objective: After this chapter, the students need to be able to do the following.

  1. Describe the physiological roles of calcium
  2. Discuss the components of bone
  3. Describe the bone remodeling cycle
  4. Describe the control of plasma calcium levels a. Intake / out put b. Hormone regulation c. Describe the vitamin D biosynthesis process
  5. Describe each pathological condition.
  6. Discuss analysis methods (self-study)
  7. Choose appropriate blood collection tubes for tests related to this chapter.

Urinalysis

Learning objective: After this chapter, the students need to be able to do the following.

  1. Describe the best specimen for dipstick urinalysis
  2. Explain the term semi-quantitative
  3. Explain how urine is created by the filtration process in the kidneys
  4. List the dipstick pads that are helpful in screening for urinary tract infections.
  5. Explain the principle of the leukocyte esterase test and its diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for UTIs
  6. Explain the principle of the nitrite test and its relationship to common bacteria that cause UTIs
  7. Compare and contrast hematuria and hemoglobinuria
  8. Explain the principle of the dipstick pad test for blood.
  9. Discuss the possible visible appearance of urine associated with the presence of blood
  10. Discuss the appearance of the dipstick pad in the presence of varying concentrations of blood
  11. List and describe common causes of hematuria
  12. List and describe common causes of hemoglobinuria
  13. Explain the principle of the urine dipstick pad tests for bilirubin and urobilinogen.
  14. Describe the source of bilirubin.
  15. Explain the causes of positive urinary bilirubin
  16. Explains the causes of increased and decreased urinary urobilinogen
  17. Define specific gravity
  18. Explain what specific gravity testing of urine evaluates
  19. List causes of low and high specific gravity values
  1. Define pH
  2. Explain causes of low and high urinary pH
  3. Discuss the relationship between blood pH and urine pH
  4. Discuss dipstick and specimen storage and quality control for urinalysis (read textbook)
  5. Know the common proteins found in urine
  6. Explain the principle of the urine dipstick pad test for protein.
  7. Explain how the filtration process in the kidneys normally controls urine protein levels
  8. List and describe the three types of proteinuria: prerenal, renal, and postrenal.
  9. Discuss the follow up tests for a positive urine protein
  10. Explain the principle of the urine dipstick pad test for glucose.
  11. List the causes of glucose in urine
  12. Explain the correlations between plasma and urine glucose levels
  13. Describe the process by which ketones are present in urine
  14. Explain the principle of the urine dipstick pad test for ketones.
  15. List the causes of high urinary ketones
  16. Explain the principle of urine dipstick pad for each test
  17. Explain pathological meaning of urine sediment components
  18. Describe types of urine test order
  19. Describe overview of pathological condition discussed in class
  20. Interpret dipstick urinalysis results
  21. Interpret urinalysis test results with related blood test results for pathological conditions