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Lecture notes in waves, Lecture notes of Earth science

Earth science

Lecture notes and summary for waves in science

Typology: Lecture notes

2024/2025

Uploaded on 10/31/2025

ezra-zamantha6
ezra-zamantha6 🇸🇬

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SUMMARY REVIEWER OF WAVES
SEVEN ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES, EACH WITH ITS UNIQUE PROPERTIES:
1. Radio Waves:
Frequency Range: From 30 Hz to 300 GHz.
Applications: Broadcasting (AM/FM radio), communication, radar. Safety:
Generally safe for humans.
2. Microwaves:[2]
Frequency Range: From 300 MHz to 300 GHz.
Applications: Cooking (microwave ovens), communication, radar.
Safety: Avoid excessive exposure to prevent tissue heating.
3. Infrared (IR) Waves:
Frequency Range: From 300 GHz to 400 THz.
Applications: Remote controls, night vision, heat detection.
Safety: Generally safe; excessive exposure may cause skin burns.
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SEVEN ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES, EACH WITH ITS UNIQUE PROPERTIES:

  1. Radio Waves : Frequency Range : From 30 Hz to 300 GHz. Applications : Broadcasting (AM/FM radio), communication, radar. Safety : Generally safe for humans.
  2. Microwaves :[2] Frequency Range : From 300 MHz to 300 GHz. Applications : Cooking (microwave ovens), communication, radar. Safety : Avoid excessive exposure to prevent tissue heating.
  3. Infrared (IR) Waves : Frequency Range : From 300 GHz to 400 THz. Applications : Remote controls, night vision, heat detection. Safety : Generally safe; excessive exposure may cause skin burns.
  1. Visible Light : Frequency Range : From 400 THz to 790 THz. Applications : Vision, photography, optical communication. Safety : Essential for life; avoid staring directly at intense light sources.
  2. Ultraviolet (UV) Rays :[3] Frequency Range : From 790 THz to 30 PHz. Applications : Sterilization, vitamin D synthesis, fluorescent lamps. Safety : Can cause skin cancer; protect against excessive exposure.
  3. X-rays : Frequency Range : From 30 PHz to 30 EHz. Applications : Medical imaging, security scanning. Safety : Minimize exposure; high doses can damage tissues.
  4. Gamma Rays : Frequency Range : Above 30 EHz. Applications : Nuclear medicine, cancer treatment. Safety : Highly penetrating; exposure must be controlled. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES BASED ON THEIR ENERGY, FREQUENCY, AND WAVELENGTH:
  5. Lowest Energy : Radio Waves : These have the lowest energy. They are used for broadcasting, communication, and radar. Their long wavelengths allow them to cover large distances, but they carry less energy per photon.
  6. Highest Energy : Gamma Rays : These have the highest energy. They are produced in nuclear reactions and are highly penetrating. Their short wavelengths make them powerful, but they can be harmful to living tissues. Now, let’s delve into the specifics: Frequency and Wavelength : Radio Waves : Low frequency (around 30 Hz to 300 GHz) and long wavelength. Gamma Rays : Extremely high frequency (above 30 EHz) and very short wavelength. Energy : Radio Waves : Low energy per photon. Gamma Rays : High energy per photon.

Example : Light waves, water ripples, and electromagnetic waves (such as radio waves). Characteristics : Transverse waves have crests (peaks) and troughs (valleys). Longitudinal Waves : Particle Motion : In longitudinal waves, particles of the medium move parallel to the direction of wave propagation. Example : Sound waves, seismic waves (like earthquake waves). Characteristics : Longitudinal waves have compressions (regions of high pressure) and rarefactions (regions of low pressure):

  1. Mechanical Waves vs. Electromagnetic Waves : Mechanical Waves : Medium Requirement : Mechanical waves require a medium (such as air, water, or solids) for propagation. Examples : Sound waves (through air), water waves (in water), seismic waves (through Earth). Propagation : They cannot travel through a vacuum (empty space). Particle Motion : Mechanical waves involve oscillations of matter particles. Electromagnetic Waves : Medium Requirement : Electromagnetic waves do not require a medium ; they can travel through a vacuum (even in outer space). Examples : Light waves, radio waves, X-rays, microwaves. Propagation : They can propagate through empty space. Particle Motion : Electromagnetic waves result from oscillations of electric and magnetic fields.