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An introduction to various optical technologies, including pov-ray's ray tracing, the soar telescope, fabry-perot interferometer, and compound microscope. Learn about their principles, specifications, and applications in science and research.
Typology: Study Guides, Projects, Research
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Programming of images
Combine simple geometricshapes
Rendering and ray tracing
Recursive reflection andrefraction for multipleobjects
Refraction with Snell’s Law:
n
1
sin
θ
1
= n
2
sin
θ
2
Determination of whethera ray intersects an object
sphere:
v
2
2
= c
2
d
2
2
= r
2
d =
√
r
2
2
2
)
Glassner, A. (ed)
An Introduction to Ray Tracing.
Academic
Press New York, N.Y. 1989.
Ray Tracing For the Masses. Rademacher, P. Accessed 19
Nov. 2006. <http://www.cs.unc.edu/~rademach/xroads- RT/RTarticle.html
Persistence of Vision Ray Tracer. Accessed 19 Nov. 2006.
<http://www.povray.org
All background images
are from the POV-Ray
Hall of Fame, and can be
viewed at
http://hof.povray.org
Instruments mountedaround base
Imagers andspectrograph
320 nm to near IRcoverage
First to observe high redshift gamma ray burst
Carbon EnhancedMetal-Poor Stars
ZZ Ceti Stars
Hecht, Eugene. Optics: Fourth Edition. SanFrancisco: Pearson Education Inc., 2002.
Michigan State University, SOAR Telescope,http://www.pa.msu.edu/soarmsu
Thomas A. Sebring, Gerald Cecil, & GilbertoMoretto, “The Soar Telescope Project: A Four-Meter Telescope Focused on Image Quality”,http://www.noao.edu/noao/meetings/spie98/gcecil. pdf
Multiple reflections inside the etalonresults in multiple-beam interference,which give sharp and narrowintensities to the fringe pattern on thescreen. The transmission of lightthrough the etalon is dependent onthe geometry of the etalon (such as dor alpha) and the wavelength of thelight. So by varying the geometry,one can determine the wavelength oflight. All of the reflections inside the etalon are shifted by the same phase, so they all give the sameintensity on the screen. Basically, the Fabry-Perot interferometer exploits the many reflectionsgoing on inside the etalon to get a sharp intensities, and hence precise wavelength measurements.
Another good picture is Figure 9.44a of Hecht, section 9.6.1.
The precise measurement of wavelengths are useful in high-resolution optical spectroscopy(finding the wavelengths of spectral lines). Another use is in a laser resonator, or to examinegeometric properties by keeping the wavelength fixed. Usually, the highly reflective surfaces are semi-silvered or aluminized glass optical flats. Variants- •Etalons: The angle of the beam direction is varied. •Scanning Interferometer: One of the mirrors is moved.
T + R + A = 1
The sum of the energy transmitted (T), reflected (R), and absorbed (A) must equal unity.
(I
t
/I
i
) = (1 – (A/(1 – R)))
2
Airy(
θ
)
The ratio of transmitted to incident irradiance is equal to the absorptance term timesthe Airy function. The Airy function is Airy(
θ
) = (1 + Fsin
2
(
δ
/2))
-
.
δ
= ((
π
n
f
)/
λ
0
)dcos(
θ
t
) + 2
φ
= Phase difference between two successively
transmitted waves
The factor of 2
φ
arises from the metallic films covering the two optical flats. It can
generally be neglected if the separation between the optical flats, d, is much largerthat the wavelength of incident light,
λ
0
.
2dcos
α
= m
λ
Maxima occur when the Airy function is equal to one; this corresponds to a maximumin the transmitted irradiance.
http://ultrafast.physics.sunysb.edu/courses/Lab%20number%207.pdf
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/phyopt/fabry.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabry-Perot_Interferometer
http://www.physik.uni-osnabrueck.de/kbetzler/sos/fabryperot.pdf
http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=
Hecht, Eugene. Optics / Eugene Hecht 4
th
Edition
. San Francisco: Addison Wesley,
Fletcher, Colin and Chad Orzel. “Construction and calibration of a low cost Fabry-Perot interferometer for spectroscopy experiments.” American Journal of Physics. Dec. 2005: 1135.
Georgelin, Y.P. and P. Amram. A Review of Fabry and Perot discoveries
.
San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific
Compound Optical Microscope Compound Optical Microscope
Created by:
Carrie Miller
Chris Schlappi
Colby Hollek
numerical aperture of an optical numerical aperture of an optical
system is defined by NA = system is defined by NA =
sin
θ θ
where where
is the index of refraction
of the medium in which the lens is of the medium in which the lens is
working, and working, and
θ θ
is the half-is the half
-angle of
angle of
the maximum cone of light that the maximum cone of light that
can enter or exit the lens. can enter or exit the lens.
r = 1. r = 1.
λ λ
/(NA(obj) + /(NA(obj) + NA(cond
NA(cond))
Where r is resolution (the smallest Where r is resolution (the smallest
resolvable distance between two resolvable distance between two
objects) and objects) and
λ λ
is the wavelength is the wavelength
All compound microscopes are All compound microscopes are
limited to a resolution of no limited to a resolution of no
smaller than 0.2 micrometer due smaller than 0.2 micrometer due
to diffraction in the system. to diffraction in the system.
The standard near point of a The standard near point of a
human eye is taken to be 25.4cm. human eye is taken to be 25.4cm.
If this value was smaller we could If this value was smaller we could
focus on closer objects, making focus on closer objects, making
microscopes more effective. microscopes more effective.
Magnification Magnification
1/a +1/b = 1/f
M(p) = f(p)/f(e) Where f(p) is projection lensand f(e) is eyepiece
M = h(2)/h(1) = b/a
M = (16/-f
o
)(25.4/f
i
For standard tubelength and near point
Where A is distance from object tofirst lens, and C is distance fromsecond lens to image
