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alive (or not) is MOvement, ething 1S hether som s without any external help. Py scide W The most Importance criterion to decide ve) move : wonte are fast anaic The movements in most of the animals ee ail ‘ .Ay 1 . in plants are usually slow andobserved wit their body parts. - they can move Animals can move from one place to another or they a arts of their body such as leaves, flowers, S otal rds a stimulus such as sunligh plant. move by bending.tow by themselve All the living things (which are all ie os. 2 an be obse! ved easily but the movement, The plants can only move p | ts gravily or water etc. The plants parts move towa Ex leases & flowers of a sunflower sunlight. ees a Ex the leaves of a Mimosa pudica plant (touch me not) chhui-mul (Hindi) move by folding up when touched with a finger. Plants also show movement by growing their/roots and sho ards_.the.sun.sO.as.to face ots longer. Non-living things (which are not alive) cannot move by themselves. All living things (plants and animals) are made up of the living units called cells. Viruses do not show any molecular movement in them. Viruses do not show characteristics of life until they enter a living body and use its cell machinery to multiply. “Living organisms are made up of complex organizations of molecules, which perform certain life processes such as growth, metabolism reproduction etc that distinguish them from nonliving matter’. The basi¢ functions performed by living organisms to maintain their life on this earth called life processes. Nutrition and respiration; transport and excretion; control and co-ordination; Growth; movement and reproduction. Nutrients are inorganic as well as organic substances, which the organisms obtain from their surrounding in order to synthesizetheir body constituents. The process of intake of nutrients and its utilization i : 1Zation in various bi iviti ients supplies by air, water, soil biological activities. Nutrient Source - Nutrients Air = Carbon and oxygen Water - Hydrogen and oxygen Soil 7 Macronutrients: Nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Sulfur, Micronutrients: | : Iron, M molybdenum, cuerte Sa ieee: Mode of Nutrition: 1. Autotrophic 2. Heterotrophic Autotrophic mode of nutrition Auto (Self) + trophs (nutrition) lh W hich Ore ( Cc FANIS *e , 1 SMS pI pare (Synthesize) their own organi v food utilizing 0 ly inorganic raw materials S present ee plants. in their surrounding organism called autotrophs. 1.¢. all green Heterotrophic mode of of nutr : : Set ie dntake And peaheaean Made of nutrition in which the organisms derive energy organic sources. Organisms call be the organic substances prepared by autotrophs and other S called heterotrophs, Ex. Animals humans, parasites and fungi Type of heterotrophic nutrition: 1, Saprophytic nutrition 2. Parasitic nutrition Saprophytic (saprotrophic) nutrition:-Sapro means rotten m dead and decaying ode of iti i : : Mode of nutrition in which the organisms derive theif nutrients fro 1s house hold wastes, (rotten) organic matter such as rottenleaves, rotten bread, dead anima nonliving matter present in the soil etc), Organism called saprophytes: Many fungi yeasts, mucor mushroom ete and bacteria Saprozoic. Parasitic Nutrition: Made of nutrition in which the organisms (or parasites) derive their nutrients or food from other living organisms.[AMU 13] hat supports or provides substance to a parasitic in called host. Ex: Several fungi bacteria, some flowering plantslike cuscuta (amar-bel), some animals like plasmodium (causes malaria), Ascaris(Round warm), F asciola (Living fluke), Taenia m), Leeches (Annelida). es Note: The organism t hee Es Photosynthesi: a ee ic e., radiant energy) into chemical energy (carbohydrates) by the ia Conversion of | ight energy (i. e green parts of plants. ° About 90% of total photosynthesis ‘1 world is done by alage in occans and fresh water. Light 6CO, + 12H20 Chlorophy il C6H 1206 t+ 60> t+ 6H,0 Significance of photosynthesis ° Maintains the equilibrium of O2 in atmosphere. ° Photosynthetic pi gment Css H72 Os Na Mg Primary pigments ©€-8: chlorophyll-a- Chlorophyll-b Css H70 Oo N4 Mg factor Affecting photosynthesis ernal factors:- Include number, si ‘ Int » $1Z€, age and orientation of leaves external factors: s ioht: Out of the total sol eae in photosynthesis. ae reaching to earth, only a very small portion (about 2%) is uses s In intensity, quality (wave length) and duration. nder low light intensity (e | ah light intensity ciises eee Cloudy days), the rate of photosynthesis is also low increase in intensity, the photosynthesis ie deseo peotosynthesis upto certain limit, At high light 1S decreased due to photo-oxidation ofconstituents (solarization) The quantity of light also affects ph -aceibiohh i Photosynthesis does not occur Tapes ett eats gr ature: Rate of ph re A Temp petite “ites Pate e ees increases by increase in temperature upto 40°C. The temperature ctivit oy ated teed affecting the activities of enzyme. Low temperature lowers the z Y ymes and high temperature causes inactivation of enzyme. Carbon dioxide: Carbon dioxide present in atmosphere in the concentration of 0.033% by volume. It is really a low concentration for photosynthesis. Rate of photosynthesis increases by increasing Oe ae 98 COz2 in the atmospheres, if light and temperature conditions are not limit very high concentration of CO2 becomes toxic to plants and inhibits photosynthesis Water: Rarely act as limiting factor because less than 1%j6f water absorbed by plant is used in photosynthesis. Water deficient conditions the stémata apertures remain closed to reduce the loss of water by transpiration As a consequence; the entry of CO2 is also stopped into the leaves. Heterotrophic Nutrition in Animals Herbivores: Animals eat only algae or plant materials. e.g. cow, rabbit, Goat, camel, deer, horse, elephant, squirrel, grasshopper; Carnivores: Animals eat only flesh of other animals e.g. lion, tiger, vulture, lizard, frog, snake, hawk etc. Omnivores: Animals eat both plants and other animals as food eg. Man, sparrow, crow, rat, cockroach, bear, dog, ant etc. -——-_peos Nutrition in’Amoeba> unicellular organism gOS, Paeee ie on A etn Bey Sieg alah Pere baa . » Mode of nutrition = Holozoic ism Senet Pie, Sat of obtaining food = phagocytosis (cell,feeding) Procemias btain eee eS ip ee as ke ‘ . A A Amoeba takes in food using temporary finger-like projection (pseudopodia) which fuse over the food particle forming food vacuole. Inside food vacuole, complex substances are broken down into simpler ones which then diffuse into the cytoplasm. The remaining undigested material is moved to the surface of the cell and thrown out finite shape and food is taken in at specific Paramecium, unicellular organism, the cell has a de f cilia which cover the entire surface of spot. Food is moved to this spotby the movement o cell. Nutrition in Human beings: Human beings are heterotrophic omnivorous organisms. => Holozoic mode of nutrition The essential components of human diet are (i (v) minerals (vi) vitamins. The human digestiv digestive glands. Organs involve in digesting food. gives passage for ingestion of food and opens ) water (ii) carbohydrates (iii) fats (tv) proteins e system consists of alimentary canal and Mouth: uppermost opening of digestive system which intn hbiinsal cavity oral) CcCavity- ~ belo’ ft this Cavity 2G CID in in. ~ Buccal (or nove by the palate, >” ams the floor of P in Inge Large space bounded abo 3 Oy ; the muse throat supports the 1 * “ . 1 ath l er ha of food. The jaws bear tee Pa of teeth on upp ~ ic cp — Numerical © + .* atlo resent Dental formula > ICM iP, _ 2123 ; : ICMP, 2123 fs arotid glands (side of face), Sublingua| : located at; The P lands (angle of the lower jaw) salivary And, € ire rs i | : © Three pairs of salivary & fer, salts, mucin, and enzyme Bang tongue) Saliy (under front part of tongu Carbohyarte die secrete saliva through their ducts. into maltos Bestion h. ary ; “¢ starch and glycogen © drolyzed. Bing SE Se aon starch present in food 1s DY, y [AMY 13 in buccal cavity itself and ¢ If and lower half of the j awe nto oesophagus. Soe oe a hc Raia Passage fo, Pharynx: 12 cm long funnel shaped open ! swallowing food and breathing Oesophagus: long and tubular structure which s The wall of oesophagus is highly ae expansion moyement of walls, so as to push not concernéd with digestion of food. erve to carry the food from pharynx to the stoma lar exhibits peristaltic movement ie contraction , * partially digested food in stomach. Oesophiai,. the left side of the abdomen partially digeste, Stomach: C-shaped / J shaped muscular sac present on Sean ; food roadie into stomach from thebuccal cavity through pharynx and oesophagus. Four functions: | (i) Storage of food : Food is stored in stomach for variable duration; Carbohydrates continue to digested till the salivary enzyme ptyalin is destroyed by hydrochloric acid secreted in the stomach (ii) | Mechanical churning of food: Food gets churned and mixed thoroughly with 2astric juice. (iii) Partial digestion | | The gastric glands present in the wall of stomach which secrete HCI, protein digestive e ime (pepsin and rennin) and mucus)The hydrochloric acid creates an acidic medium yee the action of enzyme pepsin [AMU 11] (iv) Regulate the flow of food into-small intestine exit of food from the Stomach is regulated by a sphincter muscle 'te; Mucus is also secreted by gastric glands. It covers the inner lining of stomach and protects it from serocine action of HCI as well as from pepsin enzyme. In the absence of mucus, HCI would ead to acidity and formation of gastric ulcers due to corrosion ofinner lining of eiouiteh all intestine: From stomach, the food enter al(~6m) which is fitted into a compact space because of extensive coiling ARY a ). 0. 1. 22. 23. 24, which of the following food item get jally digested in our mouth? Sucrose and Lactose and protein The enzyme present in bile juice is. (a) Bilirubin (b) Lipase (c) piliverdin (d) None of the above which of the following is/are the role of HCl in our stomach? (a) It kills bacteria found in food (b) It stops the function of saliva (c) It provides acidic pH and activates the pepsinogen enzyme into pepsin (d) All of the above No digestion of food occurs in. (a) Mouth (b) Oesophagus (c) Stomach (d) Duodenum All enzymes are made up of. (a) Protein only ¥. production of (a) Amino acids & glycerol (b) Galactose and glycerol (c) Fatty acids and amino acid (d) Fatty acids and glycerol The fat digesting enzyme iS. (a) Amylase ) Lactase (c) Lipase (d) Galactase The largest exocrine gland of our body 1s. (a) Pancreas (b) Salivary glands (c) Thyroid (d) Liver Re ae mnthe sents od component 25. Which of the following fo omach by the get partially digested in st action of pepsin enzyme? (a) Protein (b) Fats (c) Carbohydrate (d) Both Fat and Protein 26. Absorption of water takes place in (a) Small intestine (b) Stomach (c) Large intestine (d) Both a and ¢ 27. Which of the following are products of anaerobic respiration in yeast? (a) CO? and H20 (b) Lactic acid and H20 (c) Lactic acid and COO? (d) CO? and C,HsOH 28. Which of the following statement is correct? (a) Catabolism is breaki molecules (b) Respiration is catabolic process (c) Photosynthesis 1s anabolic process (d) all ng of food 29. Opening and closing of stomata depends and regulated by. (a) Concentration 0 (b) Concentration of glucose guard cells (c) Turgidity and flaccidity of (d) All of the above f CO? in guard cells and starch in guard cells 30, Which of the following, process 1S also called as “Necessary evil’? (a) Photosynthesis (b) Respiration (c) Transpiration (d) Proton synthesis 31. Which of the following event occur during kreb’s cycle? (a) Glucose molecules changed into pyruyate (b) Glucose molecule breaks down into CO» and H20 (c) Pyruvate changed into CO? and H20 te changed into lactic acid (d) Pyruva 32. Thegas found in largest proportion in expired air is. (a) CO2 (b) N2 (c) O2 (d) None of the above 
