Linguistic notations
•Understanding the user's behaviour and
cognitive difficulty based on analysis of
language between user and system.
•Similar in emphasis to dialogue models
•Backus–Naur Form (BNF)
•Task–Action Grammar (TAG)
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Linguistic Notations - Human Resource - Lecture Slides, Slides of Human Resource Management
Human Resource is an integral part of Management Science. In these Lecture Slides of HRM, following key concepts are discussed : Linguistic Notations, Understanding, Behaviour, Analysis, User, Emphasis, Dialogue Models, Backus, Action Grammar, Terminals
Typology: Slides
2012/2013
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Linguistic notations
- Understanding the user's behaviour and cognitive difficulty based on analysis of language between user and system.
- Similar in emphasis to dialogue models
- Backus–Naur Form (BNF)
- Task–Action Grammar (TAG)
Backus-Naur Form (BNF)
- Very common notation from computer science
- A purely syntactic view of the dialogue
- Terminals
- lowest level of user behaviour
- e.g. CLICK-MOUSE, MOVE-MOUSE
- Nonterminals
- ordering of terminals
- higher level of abstraction
- e.g. select-menu, position-mouse
Measurements with BNF
- Number of rules (not so good)
- Number of + and | operators
- Complications
- same syntax for different semantics
- no reflection of user's perception
- minimal consistency checking
Task Action Grammar (TAG)
- Making consistency more explicit
- Encoding user's world knowledge
- Parameterised grammar rules
- Nonterminals are modified to include additional semantic features
Consistency in TAG (cont'd)
- consistency of argument order made explicit using a parameter, or semantic feature for file operations
- Feature Possible values Op = copy; move; link
- Rules file-op[Op] ::= command[Op] + filename + filename | command[Op] + filenames + directory command[Op = copy] ::= cp command[Op = move] ::= mv command[Op = link] ::= ln
Other uses of TAG
- User’s existing knowledge
- Congruence between features and commands
- These are modelled as derived rules
Keystroke Level Model (KLM)
- lowest level of (original) GOMS
- six execution phase operators
- Physical motor: K - keystroking P - pointing H - homing D - drawing
- Mental M - mental preparation
- System R - response
- times are empirically determined. Texecute = TK + TP + TH + TD + TM + TR
KLM example
GOAL: ICONISE-WINDOW [select GOAL: USE-CLOSE-METHOD
. MOVE-MOUSE-TO- FILE-MENU . PULL-DOWN-FILE-MENU . CLICK-OVER-CLOSE-OPTION GOAL: USE-CTRL-W-METHOD PRESS-CONTROL-W-KEY]
- compare alternatives:
- USE-CTRL-W-METHOD vs.
- USE-CLOSE-METHOD
- assume hand starts on mouse
USE-CLOSE-METHOD P[to menu] 1. B[LEFT down] 0. M 1. P[to option] 1. B[LEFT up] 0. Total 3.75 s
USE-CTRL-W-METHOD H[to kbd] 0. M 1. K[ctrlW key] 0.
Total 2.03 s
Display-based interaction
- Most cognitive models do not deal with user observation and perception
- Some techniques have been extended to handle system output (e.g., BNF with sensing terminals, Display-TAG) but problems persist
- Exploratory interaction versus planning