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For Health Extension Workers
In collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education
Funded under USAID Cooperative Agreement No. 663-A-00-00-0358-00.
Produced in collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education.
Important Guidelines for Printing and Photocopying Limited permission is granted free of charge to print or photocopy all pages of this publication for educational, not-for-profit use by health care workers, students or faculty. All copies must retain all author credits and copyright notices included in the original document. Under no circumstances is it permissible to sell or distribute on a commercial basis, or to claim authorship of, copies of material reproduced from this publication.
©2004 by Girma Lemma
All rights reserved. Except as expressly provided above, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the author or authors.
Table of Contents
Content Topic Pages
Acknowledgments ------------------------------------------ i Table of contents -------------------------------------------ii Introduction ------------------------------------------------- 1
UNIT ONE: The Sociological Perspective
Topic One: The Nature of Sociology Sociology defined -------------------------------------------- 2 The study of sociology -------------------------------------- 2 Sociology and social sciences --------------------------- 3 Sociology and common sense --------------------------- 4 Historical development of sociology -------------------- 5
Topic Two: The Sociological Approach Major theoretical perspectives -------------------------- 7 Sociology and social policy ----------------------------- 8
UNIT TWO: The Individual And Society Topic One: Culture Culture and society ------------------------------------------ 9 Development of culture ------------------------------------ 10 Elements of culture ------------------------------------------ 10 Culture variation and integration ------------------------ 13 Culture and dominant ideology -------------------------- 14
Topic Two: Socialization Socialization defined ------------------------------------- The role of socialization --------------------------------- The self and socialization ------------------------------- Socialization and the life cycle------------------------- Agents of socialization -----------------------------------
Topic Three: Social Groups and Organizations Understanding groups ----------------------------------- Studying small groups ----------------------------------- Understanding organizations--------------------------- Formal organizations and bureaucracy-------------- Voluntary associations-----------------------------------
Topic Four: Deviance and Social Control Social control ----------------------------------------------- Law and society -------------------------------------------
Patterns of inter group relations -----------------------
UNIT FOUR: Social Institutions
Topic One: The Family The concepts of the family ----------------------------- The functions of the family ----------------------------- Marriage and the family --------------------------------- Factors associated with divorce -----------------------
Topic Two: Religion Sociological approach to religion --------------------- The function of religion ---------------------------------- Dimension of religion ------------------------------------
Topic Three: Health and Medicine Anthropological perspective on health and illness -------------------------------------------------------- Social epidemiology and health ----------------------- Factors that affect the distribution of heath/illness -----------------------------------------------
UNIT FIVE: Social Research And Methodology: Anthropological Approach
Topic One: Concepts in Social Research Definition of social research ---------------------------- The goals of social research ---------------------------
Topic Two: Research Methodology Data collections ---------------------------------------------- 58 Survey ---------------------------------------------------------- 58 Observation -------------------------------------------------- 60 Participant observation ------------------------------------ 61 Research and Health Extension Workers ------------- 63 Reference ----------------------------------------------------- 64
Introduction to Psychology
♦ since its emergence as a separate science it has undergone a series of changes in its research methodology and definition. Widely used definition : Psychology is the science of human and animal behavior. When explaining the definition underline the main components of the definition. ♦ What is science? Steps in scientific Study Problem identification (example: sanitary problems in the family) Data collection (family size, age, gender, expenditure, access to potable water) Instruments for data collection (observation, interview, questionnaire, case studies, focus group discussions) Organizing the data and reporting Based on the conclusions arrived putting into practice ♦ Behavior is an action, activity or process that we can observe and measure indirectly.
Introduction to Psychology
Example : to know health practices of a family we can interview members of the family or head of the household by asking different questions.
Specific objective: At the end of the lesson the trainee will be able to state the scope of psychology. Activity: Start the lesson by asking this question (What is the role of psychology in your future career?) ♦ Compared to other sciences psychology is a young discipline but it is growing at a faster rate. These days, directly or indirectly, psychology contributes something to all aspects of human life. Explain the following relationships: ▪ Psychology and politics. ▪ Psychology and economics. ▪ Psychology and health.
Leading question In Biology the sub fields are zoology, botany, anatomy and physiology. What do you think are the sub fields of psychology?
Introduction to Psychology
1.3.3 Social psychology ♦ It is the study of how people’s thoughts, feelings and actions are affected by others. ♦ Social psychologists study aggressive behaviors (example: violence, rape, alcoholism in the community) ♦ Social psychologists study conflict between groups, communities, and ethnic groups and methods of solving it.
1.3.4 Behavioral psychology ♦ It is about the role of environment in developing behavior ♦ It is about ways of learning new knowledge and skills Example: When introducing a new way of thinking in health start from what community members already know and proceed from the known to the unknown. ▪ It is about shaping human behavior using rewards. ▪ Toilet training in children ▪ Dietary habit in the family ▪ Sanitation practices in the family
Introduction to Psychology
1.3.5 Clinical psychology ♦ It is about Psychological disorders and their treatment. ♦ It is about how to change the environment to prevent the prevalence of psychological disorders. Example: the role a health extension worker plays in sensitizing the bad effects of khat, alcohol, and tobacco on health and productivity Note: indicate that there are traditional ways of healing psychological disorders in our society.
1.3.6 Health psychology ♦ Emphasizes the preventive aspect of health than the curative aspect ♦ Health is not merely the absence of illness. Health is a state of physical, mental and social well-being. Example: Teaching about personal hygiene is not enough. But the family and the society at large must participate in health programs. Recognizing the role of every member in the community is important to implement any health program. Assignment : ask the trainees to search for other branches of psychology.
Introduction to Psychology
▪ development Is regulated by the interaction of hereditary traits with environmental factors - (D=H X E) Development Vs Growth: we use these two terms interchangeably. More often we use growth to mean an increase in body size. Average growth rate during prenatal stage of development is shown below. Example At 4 weeks the embryo is one- fifth of an inch At 8 weeks the embryo is 1 inch At 28 weeks the fetus is 16 inches At 38 weeks the fetus is 20 inches ♦ Development is a more general term indicating changes physically, mentally and socially. It also, explains possible causes of changes in all areas.
1. Development is sequential Example: motor development ▪ 2 months an infant raises his head. ▪ 4-7months shows improvement in hand and eye coordination.
Introduction to Psychology
▪ 7 months_____ can sit up and stand up holding or a chair.
2. Development is irreversible ▪ it is uni-directional ▪ it does not switch back and forth. ▪ Under normal condition we expect mental and social developments to go with biological development. 3. Development is progressive change ▪ A lower level leads to a higher one Example : In cognitive (mental) development the progress is from sensory knowledge to abstract thinking. Activity: Form small groups and encourage trainees to explain how the social network of the child changes as his/her interaction with his/her environment increases. Cribs family members neighborhood school
Specific objective: At the end of the lesson the trainees will be able to describe the stages of human development.
Introduction to Psychology
Although girls have less muscle tissue and weigh less than boys, on the average infants are 20 inches tall and weigh seven and half pounds at birth. Behavioral reflexes are present from the moment of birth. Example: Infants can react to stimuli such as gentle touch or moving light. It can extend and flex arms and legs when touched, smack lips, chew fingers, grasp an object. During the first year of life motor development (sitting, walking) is largely dependent on biological maturation, even though, practice can speed up the whole process.
▪ Sensory motor coordination
Introduction to Psychology
♦ Childhood (preschool children) Development is rapid in all areas (physically, cognitive, and socially) during this stage Rate of growth is slower at this stage than infancy. There are changes in body proportion. Example: ▪ head growth is slow
