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Logical Reasoning: Identifying Valid and Invalid Conclusions, Exams of Advanced Education

Liberty University (LU)Advanced Education

A series of logical reasoning exercises that challenge the reader to identify whether the given conclusions follow from the provided information or not. A range of topics, including income support, stroke treatment, consumer preferences, business outsourcing, and stock market performance. Each scenario is analyzed, and the validity of the conclusion is assessed. This document could be useful for students studying logical reasoning, critical thinking, or decision-making, as it provides an opportunity to practice these skills and develop a deeper understanding of the principles of sound argumentation. The document could also be relevant for individuals interested in improving their analytical abilities or preparing for exams that test logical reasoning skills.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 10/26/2024

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Watson Glaser Test (Deduction) new
exam review
All Stand-up comedians are optimistic. If you are a violinist, then you must be optimistic.
If you are not optimistic, then you are neither a violinist, nor a Stand-up comedian -
Conclusion Follows
If all stand up comedians and violinists are optimistic then if you are not optimistic you
can be neither of these.
Note: Assume that the statement is true, no outside knowledge needed
Some citizens pay taxes. Many citizens receive income support.
People who pay taxes do not receive income support - Conclusion does not follow
There is no evidence given for us to draw the conclusion that paying taxes excludes one
from receiving income support
Treating a stroke is a race against time. Clots that block the blood supply prevent the
flow of oxygen and sugar to brain cells, which then rapidly die. Recent studies have
shown that some brain cells could withstand being starved of oxygen. The aim of
researchers today is to develop a drug that can imitate that same effect.
Deprivation of oxygen to the brain is the reason for stroke related impairments -
Conclusion does not follow
the reason for stroke related brain cell deaths is deprivation of oxygen as well as sugar.
Deprivation of oxygen, as far as the text is concerned, is only part of the reason for
stroke related impairments.
All African people love chicken. If you are Caribbean, then you must also love chicken.
If you are not a chicken lover, the you are neither African, nor Jamaican - Conclusion
does follow
All African and Caribbean are assumed to love chicken so anyone who does not love
chicken does not fit into any of these classifications
Some undergraduates apply to Clifford Chance. Many apply to Freshfields
Undergraduates who apply to Clifford Chance cannot apply to Freshfields - Conclusion
does not follow
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Watson Glaser Test (Deduction) new

exam review

All Stand-up comedians are optimistic. If you are a violinist, then you must be optimistic. If you are not optimistic, then you are neither a violinist, nor a Stand-up comedian - Conclusion Follows If all stand up comedians and violinists are optimistic then if you are not optimistic you can be neither of these. Note: Assume that the statement is true, no outside knowledge needed Some citizens pay taxes. Many citizens receive income support. People who pay taxes do not receive income support - Conclusion does not follow There is no evidence given for us to draw the conclusion that paying taxes excludes one from receiving income support Treating a stroke is a race against time. Clots that block the blood supply prevent the flow of oxygen and sugar to brain cells, which then rapidly die. Recent studies have shown that some brain cells could withstand being starved of oxygen. The aim of researchers today is to develop a drug that can imitate that same effect. Deprivation of oxygen to the brain is the reason for stroke related impairments - Conclusion does not follow the reason for stroke related brain cell deaths is deprivation of oxygen as well as sugar. Deprivation of oxygen, as far as the text is concerned, is only part of the reason for stroke related impairments. All African people love chicken. If you are Caribbean, then you must also love chicken. If you are not a chicken lover, the you are neither African, nor Jamaican - Conclusion does follow All African and Caribbean are assumed to love chicken so anyone who does not love chicken does not fit into any of these classifications Some undergraduates apply to Clifford Chance. Many apply to Freshfields Undergraduates who apply to Clifford Chance cannot apply to Freshfields - Conclusion does not follow

There is no evidence suggesting that applying to Clifford Chance excludes one from applying to Freshfields In order to microwave scrambled eggs, you need to crack an egg in a bowl, mix with butter and warm it up for at least one minute - when finished, mix your egg around with a folk and add salt. Butter is the reason why scrambled eggs can be made in the microwave - Conclusion does not follow The passage states that multiple ingredients such as eggs, the microwave and salt are important ingredients as well as butter, so the conclusion does not follow. In an attempt to cut expenses, an organisation disbanded its IT department and outsourced its IT function to a business process outsourcing company. In doing so the company has managed to save 20% on its IT function expenditure. Outsourcing functions to business process outsourcing companies will cut expenses - Conclusion does not follow Nothing in the facts say it is a good was for all businesses to cut expenses In an attempt to cut expenses, an organisation disbanded its IT department and outsourced its IT function to a business process outsourcing company. In doing so the company has managed to save 20% on its IT function expenditure. The aim of this company's outsourcing was to make the organisation more profitable - Conclusion does not follow Nothing in the statement says that the organisation is a profitable one In an attempt to cut expenses, an organisation disbanded its IT department and outsourced its IT function to a business process outsourcing company. In doing so the company has managed to save 20% on its IT function expenditure. The outsourced IT function has saved the organisation 1/5th on their IT function expenditure compared to the in-house IT function. - Conclusion follows 1/5 = 20% Sarah owns a new company. New companies are more likely to fail than well- established companies. Therefore: Sarah's company will fail - Conclusion does not follow Nothing in the statement says her company will fail

The rainfall in May 2012 was greater than in May 2011 - Conclusion follows The rainfall in May 2012 was the highest on record for the past 50 years; therefore it must have been higher than the May 2011 levels May 2012 had the highest level of rainfall on record for the preceding fifty years. Predictions of rainfall are rarely accurate May is usually dry - Conclusion Does Not Follow The statement refers to the rainfall in May 2012 being higher than usual. The statement makes no reference to May being usually dry. Based on the information in the statement alone, the correct answer is conclusion does not follow Facebook was launched on the American stock marker in May 2012. However, statistics suggests that other several previously high-performing companies, such as Pandora, Groupon and LinkedIn fell in value after they were launched on the American stock market It is possible that Facebook will also drop in value after May 2012 - Conclusion Follows Based on the information provided about similarly high performing companies, we are able to make the conclusion that Facebook may meet a similar fate after May 2012 Facebook was launched on the American stock marker in May 2012. However, statistics suggests that other several previously high-performing companies, such as Pandora, Groupon and LinkedIn fell in value after they were launched on the American stock market Social networking sites perform badly once they become publicly listed on the stock market - Conclusion does not follow The passage does not state that social networking sights perform badly once they become publicly listed. We cannot deduce this from the passage, and therefore the conclusion does not follow There are currently three problems facing the financial sector. Firstly, bankers are no longer seen as reliable or trustworthy. Secondly, executives of financial institutions are seen by the general public as being overpaid. Finally, it is difficult to regulate the financial sector. Therefore: Banks have never been trusted by the general public - Conclusion does not follow Based on the information contained in the statement, we are also told that bankers are "no longer" seen as reliable or trustworthy. For this reason, we are unable to say that

banks have never been trusted. For this reason, the correct answer is conclusion does not follow Facebook was launched on the American stock marker in May 2012. However, statistics suggests that other several previously high-performing companies, such as Pandora, Groupon and LinkedIn fell in value after they were launched on the American stock market All companies decrease in value when first launched on the American stock market - Conclusion does not follow Based on the information in the above statement we are unable to say that all companies drop in value. The statement notes three companies that have decreased in value, however we cannot apply this to all companies. The correct answer is therefore conclusion does not follow Facebook was launched on the American stock marker in May 2012. However, statistics suggests that other several previously high-performing companies, such as Pandora, Groupon and LinkedIn fell in value after they were launched on the American stock market Reliability is no longer an issue when considering the failings of the financial sector - The statement notes that 'reliability' is one of the key problems facing the financial sector. For this reason, we are unable to conclude that 'reliability' is no longer an issue. The correct answer is therefore conclusion does not follow Facebook was launched on the American stock marker in May 2012. However, statistics suggests that other several previously high-performing companies, such as Pandora, Groupon and LinkedIn fell in value after they were launched on the American stock market Overpaying financial executives may contribute to problems facing the financial sector - Conclusion follows The passage states that one of the reasons for the problems facing the financial sector is that executives are seen as overpaid. Overpaying executives will lead to the public seeing executives as over paid. This conclusion therefore follows Coley is a company that produces scented candles, using only natural products. Coley is against testing on animals and does not use pesticides in any of its products. Therefore: The scent from Coley's candles is made from fruits and berries - Conclusion does not follow