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Macronutrient Protein science, Exams of Hospitality and Tourism

Kenya Medical Training CollegeHospitality and Tourism

Macronutrient Protein Sciences

Typology: Exams

2025/2026

Available from 03/13/2026

wakanie
wakanie 🇺🇸

820 documents

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Macronutrient Protein science
What is food? - Any substance consumed to provide nutritional support for the body.
What is nutrition? - The science of how nutrients in food affect the body and health.
What does the science of nutrition include? - Digestion, absorption, metabolism,
storage, and excretion of nutrients.
How many kcal per gram of carbohydrates? - 4 kcal/gram
How many kcal per gram of protein? - 4 kcal/gram
How many kcal per gram of fat? - 9 kcal/gram
What is the AMDR for carbohydrates? - 45-65% of total calories
What is the AMDR for fat? - 20-35% of total calories
What is the AMDR for protein? - 10-35% of total calories
What is EAR? - Estimated Average Requirement — meets needs of 50% of healthy
individuals.
What is RDA? - Recommended Dietary Allowance — meets needs of 97-98% of healthy
individuals.
What is UL? - Tolerable Upper Intake Level — highest safe daily intake.
What is the literal meaning of carbohydrate? - Hydrated carbon (carbon + water).
What are the 3 monosaccharides? - Glucose, Fructose, Galactose.
What are the 3 disaccharides? - Lactose, Maltose, Sucrose.
What enzyme starts carbohydrate digestion? - Salivary amylase (mouth).
What enzyme breaks down lactose? - Lactase.
What hormone lowers blood glucose? - Insulin.
What hormone raises blood glucose? - Glucagon.
What is glycogen? - Stored form of glucose in liver and muscles.
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Macronutrient Protein science

What is food? - Any substance consumed to provide nutritional support for the body. What is nutrition? - The science of how nutrients in food affect the body and health. What does the science of nutrition include? - Digestion, absorption, metabolism, storage, and excretion of nutrients. How many kcal per gram of carbohydrates? - 4 kcal/gram How many kcal per gram of protein? - 4 kcal/gram How many kcal per gram of fat? - 9 kcal/gram What is the AMDR for carbohydrates? - 45 - 65% of total calories What is the AMDR for fat? - 20 - 35% of total calories What is the AMDR for protein? - 10 - 35% of total calories What is EAR? - Estimated Average Requirement — meets needs of 50% of healthy individuals. What is RDA? - Recommended Dietary Allowance — meets needs of 97-98% of healthy individuals. What is UL? - Tolerable Upper Intake Level — highest safe daily intake. What is the literal meaning of carbohydrate? - Hydrated carbon (carbon + water). What are the 3 monosaccharides? - Glucose, Fructose, Galactose. What are the 3 disaccharides? - Lactose, Maltose, Sucrose. What enzyme starts carbohydrate digestion? - Salivary amylase (mouth). What enzyme breaks down lactose? - Lactase. What hormone lowers blood glucose? - Insulin. What hormone raises blood glucose? - Glucagon. What is glycogen? - Stored form of glucose in liver and muscles.

Which cells rely heavily on glucose? - Brain and red blood cells. What is the difference between soluble and insoluble fiber? - Soluble dissolves in water and slows digestion; Insoluble adds bulk and speeds up movement through intestines. What must increase when fiber intake increases? - Water intake. Which process is anaerobic? - Glycolysis. What does glycolysis produce? - Pyruvate, ATP, NADH. What does the Krebs cycle produce? - CO₂, NADH, FADH₂, small amount of ATP. What does oxidative phosphorylation produce? - Majority of ATP. What is a triglyceride? - 3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone. What are the essential fatty acids? - Omega-3 and Omega-6. What are trans fats? - Unsaturated fats altered by hydrogenation; increase heart disease risk. What is the difference between HDL and LDL? - HDL = good cholesterol; LDL = bad cholesterol. What carries fat from the intestine to the bloodstream? - Chylomicrons. What are fat-soluble vitamins? - A, D, E, K. What are the building blocks of protein? - Amino acids. How many amino acids are there? - 20 total. What are essential amino acids? - Must be obtained from diet. What is a complete protein? - Contains all essential amino acids (ex: meat, eggs, dairy). What is an incomplete protein? - Missing one or more essential amino acids (most plant foods). What are the 4 levels of protein structure? - Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary. What is positive nitrogen balance? - Intake > loss (growth, pregnancy, muscle building). What is negative nitrogen balance? - Loss > intake (illness, injury, starvation).