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KINE

Research

Methods

in

KinesiologyWeek^ 4:^ Sept.

thth 25 ‐^27 ,^2023 [Research

Ethics]

Learning

Outcomes

1.^ Discuss

reasons

why^ ethical

standards

are^ important

to^ the^ research

process 2.^ Describe

the^ core

ethical^

principles

and^ ethical

guidelines

3.^ Identify

the^ Three

Rs^ of^ animal

research

ethics

4.^ Provide

contemporary

examples

of^ conflicts

of^ interest

4.^ Identify

unique

ethical^

considerations

for^ engaging

in^ research

with

Indigenous

peoples

5.^ Describe

processes

to^ ensure

research

and^ scientific

integrity

Research

and^ Scientific

Integrity

(2^ of^ 2)

Research

integrity

is^ compromised

when^

there^ is

research

“misconduct” Research

misconduct

can^ occur

in^ any

phase

of^ the

research

process

and^ includes: – Falsification – Fabrication – Plagiarism

Kowalski^ et^ al.

2023 Oxford

University^ Press

Ethical

Decision

‐Making

-^ Kinesiology

professionals

need^ to

have^ an

effective

ethical

decision

‐making

process

(many

models

to^ draw

from)

-^ “Ethical

dilemma”

-^ Situation

that^ requires

ethical

action,

but^ the

professional

is^ required

to^ perform

two^ or more^ mutually

exclusive

actions

Kowalski^ et^ al.

2023 Oxford

University^ Press

Ethical

Standards

in^ Research

-^ “Ethical

research”

is^ the^

most^ important

responsibility

of

researchers^ –^ The^ terms

“ethics”

and^ “respect”

are^ often

used^ interchangeably

-^ Ethics

should

be^ viewed

as^ on^

ongoing

process

and^ not

a^ single

event^ –^ Should

include

considerations

for^ research

planning,

data^ generation,

data^ analysis,

and^ knowledge

translation Kowalski^ et^ al.

2023 Oxford

University^ Press

Ethics

in^ Research Safe^ and

competent

treatment

-^ Participants

must^ be

treated

in^ a^ professional

manner

-^ Dignity

of^ the^ participant

must^ be

respected.

-^ Safety

of^ the^ participant

is^ paramount

Knowledge

of^ results

-^ Own

scores^

and^ group

data Kowalski et^ al.^2023 Oxford

University^ Press

Historical

Examples

of^ Unethical

Research

Unethical

Research:

Tuskegee

Study

-^ Sample:

Mainly

lower^ income

African

‐Caribbean

sharecroppers

from

Macon^

County,

Alabama

-^ In^ 1932,

they^ were

offered

free^ medical

care^ by

physicians

and

researchers

involved

with^ the

US^ Public

Health Service.

They^ were

told

a^ treatment

had^ been

found^ for

their^ illness

called^ "bad

blood.“

(i.e.

deception)

Controls^ Syphilitic

Total

70.9%^ of^ sample^ had^ syphilis

-^ This^ “study”

did^ not^ end

until^ 1972,

forty^ years

after^ it^ had

begun,^ and

twenty

years^ after

penicillin

had^ been

identified

as^ an^ effective

treatment

for^ syphilis.

-^ The^ New

York^ Times

expose^ revealed

the^ details

of^ the^ study

and^ called

it^ "the

longest^ non

‐therapeutic

experiment

on^ human

beings^ in

medical

history.“

-^ May^16

th^ ,^ 1997,

President

Clinton^ apologized

to^ the^ survivors

and^ families

of

hundreds

of^ men^ used

in^ a^ research

project^ to

study^ the

progression

of

untreated

syphilis

-^ This^ study

has^ come

to^ symbolize

racism^ in

medicine,

ethical^ misconduct

in

human^ research,

paternalism

by^ physicians,

and^ government

abuse^ of

vulnerable

people.https://faculty.humanities.uci.edu/bjbecker/PlaguesandPeople/week5e.html Unethical

Research:

Tuskegee

Study

Unethical

Human

Trials

/^ Experiments

in^ History:

-^ Incarcerated

Populations

(e.g.^ 1970s)

-^ Starvation

Trials^

(e.g.^ 1940s)

-^ Radiation

Exposure

(e.g.^ 1970s)

-^ Others

(Psychological

Distress,

Twin^ Studies,

Social

Isolation,

Mental

Health,

etc.)

Ethics

Policies

in^ Canada

(1^ of^ 2)

-^ Developed,

in^ part,

in^ response

to^ historical

practices

of

unethical

treatment

of^ people

in^ research

-^ “Medical

experiments”

by^ Nazi

researchers

-^ Sexual

Sterilization

Act^ of^ Alberta

in^1928

-^ Various

policies

have^ been

developed

to^ guide

the^ ethical

practices

of^ Canadian

researchers

-^ Most

notable

is^ the^ Tri

‐Council

Policy^ Statement:

Ethical

Conduct

for

Research

Involving

Humans

(TCPS^ 2)

Kowalski^ et^ al.

2023 Oxford

University^ Press

Ethical

Principles

(7)

1. Do^

No^ Harm

2. Ensure

Privacy

3. Obtain

Voluntary

and^ Informed

Consent

4.^ Get

Permission

5.^ Avoid

Sponsorship

and^ Suppression

6.^ Prevent

Misrepresentation

7.^ Ensure

Safety

of^ Researchers

Minimizing

Ethical

Issues…

-^ Most

ethical

principles

have^ been

embedded

within

legislation,

regulations,

and^ codes

of^ conduct.

-^ Collectively,

these^ rules

represent

the^ minimum

standard

of

ethical

conduct.

-^ When

their^ research

involves

collecting

data^ from

human

participants,

researchers

are^ bound

by:

-^ International

treaties

-^ All^ levels

of^ government’s

laws^ and

regulations

-^ Institutional

procedures