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Marine Science Segment 1 Exam
Epipelagic zone - โ๏ธ first zone, aka sunlight zone, extends from surface to 200 meters deep Mesopelagic zone - โ๏ธ aka twilight zone, second zone, extends 200-1,000 meters deep, only a faint amount of light Bathypelagic zone - โ๏ธ third zone, aka midnight zone, extends 1,000-4,000 meters deep Abyssopelagic zone - โ๏ธ fourth zone, aka abyss, extends 4,000-6,000 meters deep, temp is near freezing Hadal zone - โ๏ธ fifth and last zone, extends 6,000 meters-deepest parts sublimation - โ๏ธ solid to gas bypassing the liquid state deposition - โ๏ธ gas to solid bypassing the liquid state higher salinity means _______ water - โ๏ธ denser higher temperature means _______ water - โ๏ธ less dense deeper water is _________ shallow water - โ๏ธ denser than Low vapor pressure - โ๏ธ keeps earth's bodies of water from evaporating quickly high boiling point - โ๏ธ if water did have such a high one, it would be a vapor at earth's temp Lower density as a solid - โ๏ธ allows ice to float, which allows fish and other sea life to live in very cold temps What technology helped scientists discover mid-ocean ridges and further the evidence for continental drift theory? - โ๏ธ sonar what is the theory of plate tectonics - โ๏ธ the layer of the earth under the crust, the mantle, moves through convection, so the solid plates resting on the mantle move to.
The crust - โ๏ธ oceanic and continental move in large pieces called plates due to the heat convection in the mantle The mantle - โ๏ธ has the lithosphere which is the cool, solid top layer and the asthenosphere which is the hot and soft bottom layer The core - โ๏ธ Earth's internal heat, inner part is solid because of high pressure and the outer part is a liquid iron nickel alloy What are the seven plate boundaries - โ๏ธ antarctic, indo-australian, pacific, south american, north american, african, and eurasian. Where do plate boundaries occur? - โ๏ธ where the plates meet How is plate movement measured? - โ๏ธ centimeters per year Which type of crust is thinner and denser? - โ๏ธ oceanic Which type of crust is thicker and less dense? - โ๏ธ continental Trench - โ๏ธ long and narrow opening in the crust usually above a subduction zone Mid-ocean ridge - โ๏ธ where oceanic plates diverge, and new seafloor is created through seafloor spreading What plains cover more than 50% of the earth's surface - โ๏ธ abyssal plains What are normal wind conditions - โ๏ธ strong westward winds along equator pushing back warm surface water near South America across the pacific. Cooler water rises up to surface what are el nino wind conditions - โ๏ธ normally strong winds are weaker and can sometimes go in the opposite direction of how they do in normal conditions what are la nina conditions - โ๏ธ winds become unusually strong, blowing warm water eastward. Brings cold water to the surface near south america in a process called upwelling What do ocean currents do for the earth - โ๏ธ keep temperatures across the earth stable
Why do waves break? - โ๏ธ because they slow down as a result of friction with the shallow bottom What types of waves can travel through a vacuum? - โ๏ธ electromagnetic- light and heat What type of mediums do waves that require one travel faster in and why? - โ๏ธ denser mediums because the molecules are closer together, allowing them to transfer from one medium to the next quicker After about 1,000 meters deep in water, what begins to happen to the sound waves? - โ๏ธ the increasing pressure makes up for the colder temperatures and the speed of sound increases again Which is denser, colder or warmer water? - โ๏ธ colder what is wave interference? - โ๏ธ two waves combine to forma resultant wave of grater or lower amplitude constructive interference - โ๏ธ 2 waves have a displacement in the same direction, displacement becomes greater than that of the original waves destructive interference - โ๏ธ 2 waves have a displacement in the opposite direction, displacement is then lessened or cancelled out Absorption - โ๏ธ transfer of energy of a wave to matter as wave passes through it, i.e. different colors of water reflection - โ๏ธ occurs when waves change direction as they bounce off a barrier, i.e. reflection of a landscape off the surface of a water refraction - โ๏ธ occurs when waves change direction and speed after passing from one medium to another, i.e. pencil in glass of water diffraction - โ๏ธ occurs when waves change direction as they pass through an opening or around a barrier in their path, i.e. the tracks on a CD that make it appear as rainbow colors benthic zone - โ๏ธ comprises sediment and surfaces that make up the seafloor and runs right up to the coastline in shallow or intertidal water littoral zone -
โ๏ธ aka intertidal zone, part of sea that is closest to shore including entire are between lowest and highest tides supralittoral zone - โ๏ธ area that always lies above highest tide sublittoral zone - โ๏ธ area always covered by water even in low tide high intertidal zones - โ๏ธ out of water long stretches between high tides mid-intertidal zones - โ๏ธ exposed during high tides, but generally pretty submerged low intertidal zones - โ๏ธ usually underwater, exposed only during lowest spring tides pros of intertidal zone - โ๏ธ sunlight for growth, waves supply oxygen and nutrients, varied surfaces supply places for organisms to attach to cons of intertidal zone - โ๏ธ water temp can increase to dangerous levels, waves can carry organisms out to sea, plentiful nutrients might cause overpopulation, vulnerable to predators, and organisms must constantly adapt spring tides - โ๏ธ occurs when sun, moon and earth are aligned and is during a full or new moon. The high tides are much higher, and low tides are much lower neap tides - โ๏ธ occurs when sun, moon, and earth are at right angles during quarter moon. the height difference between high and low tides are much less semidiurnal tide - โ๏ธ occurs in location with two high and two low tides of about the same height each day mixed semidiurnal tide - โ๏ธ occurs when there are two high tides and two low tides, but water levels vary diurnal tide - โ๏ธ only one high tide and one low tide
