Materials - Aerospace Engineering Design - Lecture Slides, Slides of Engineering Dynamics

These are the Lecture Slides of Aerodynamics which includes Fundamentals of Aerodynamics, History of Fluid Mechanics, Compared to Many Fields, Fluid Mechanics, Began With Newton, Particle Dynamics, Mechanics, Particles, Momentum etc. Key important points are: Materials, Aerospace, Mechanical, Electrical, Chemical, Applications, Thermal Blanket, Heat Transfer, Temperature Difference, Superconducting

Typology: Slides

2012/2013

Uploaded on 03/24/2013

dhyanesh
dhyanesh 🇮🇳

4

(21)

191 documents

1 / 39

Toggle sidebar

This page cannot be seen from the preview

Don't miss anything!

bg1
OVERVIEW
Important aspect of design for aerospace, mechanical, electrical, thermal,
chemical or other applications is selection of best materials
Systematic selection of best material for a given application usually
depends on 2 aspects:
1. Properties
2. Cost
A few examples:
Thermal blanket must have poor thermal conductivity in order to
minimize heat transfer for a given temperature difference
Large amounts of copper in superconducting magnets: copper needed
for low resistance path for large currents in case superconductivity lost
Samarium-Cobalt Permanent Magnets on DS-1
SR-71 structure: 85% titanium and 15% composite
Hummer armor should it be stiff or deflect against a bomb blast
Docsity.com
pf3
pf4
pf5
pf8
pf9
pfa
pfd
pfe
pff
pf12
pf13
pf14
pf15
pf16
pf17
pf18
pf19
pf1a
pf1b
pf1c
pf1d
pf1e
pf1f
pf20
pf21
pf22
pf23
pf24
pf25
pf26
pf27

Partial preview of the text

Download Materials - Aerospace Engineering Design - Lecture Slides and more Slides Engineering Dynamics in PDF only on Docsity!

OVERVIEW

  • Important aspect of design for aerospace, mechanical, electrical, thermal,

chemical or other applications is selection of best materials

  • Systematic selection of best material for a given application usually

depends on 2 aspects:

1. Properties

2. Cost

  • A few examples:
    • Thermal blanket must have poor thermal conductivity in order to

minimize heat transfer for a given temperature difference

  • Large amounts of copper in superconducting magnets: copper needed

for low resistance path for large currents in case superconductivity lost

  • Samarium-Cobalt Permanent Magnets on DS-
  • SR-71 structure: 85% titanium and 15% composite
  • Hummer armor – should it be stiff or deflect against a bomb blast

ROD VERSUS PLATES

• Systematic selection for applications requiring multiple criteria is

more complex

• Example 1: Rod

– Design a rod that is stiff and light-weight

– Requires a material with high Young's modulus and low density

– If rod pulled in tension, specific modulus, or modulus divided by

density E/ρ, will determine best material

• Example 2: Plate

– Design a plate that is stiff and light-weight

– Plate's bending stiffness scales with thickness cubed

– Best material for a stiff and light plate is determined by cube root

of stiffness divided density ³√E/ρ

EXAMPLE OF ASHBY PLOT

METALS

CERAMICS

POLYMERS

EXAMPLE OF ASHBY PLOT

YOUNG’S MODULUS VS. COST

STRENGTH VS. DENSITY

STRENGTH VS. MAXIMUM SERVICE TEMPERATURE

COST ISSUES

  • Cost of materials plays a very significant role in their selection
  • Most straightforward way to weight cost against properties is to develop a monetary metric for properties of parts
  • For example, life cycle assessment can show that reducing weight of a car by 1 kg averages around $5, so material substitution which reduces weight of a car can cost up to $5 per kilogram of weight reduction more than original material
  • For commercial aircraft: $450/kg
  • Spacecraft: $20,000/kg
  • However, geography- and time-dependence of energy, maintenance and other operating costs, and variation in discount rates and usage patterns (distance driven per year in this example) between individuals, means that there is no single correct number for this

BOEING 747 VERSUS 787: COMPOSITES

BOEING 787 MATERIALS DETAILS

  • First major airliner to use composite materials for most of its construction
  • Boeing claims the 787 will be at least 20% more fuel-efficient than current competing aircraft - One third of the efficiency gain will come from the engines - another third from aerodynamic improvements - increased use of lighter weight composite materials, and the final third from advanced systems
  • The 787 features lighter-weight construction. Its materials (by weight) are: 50% composite, 20% aluminum, 15% titanium, 10% steel, 5% other.[75] Composite materials are significantly lighter and stronger than traditional aircraft materials, making the 787 a very light aircraft for its capabilities.[76] By volume, the 787 will be 80% composite. Each 787 contains approximately 35 tonnes of carbon fiber reinforced plastic, made with 23 tonnes of carbon fiber.[77] Composites are used on fuselage, wings, tail, doors, and interior. Aluminum is used on wing and tail leading edges, titanium used mainly on engines with steel used in various places
  • Higher humidity in the passenger cabin is possible because of the use of composites (which do not corrode).
  • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_

BOEING 787 MATERIALS DETAILS

  • According to Boeing Vice President Jeff Hawk, who heads the effort to certify the 787 for airline service, a crash test involving a vertical drop of a partial fuselage section from about 15 feet onto a one inch-thick steel plate went ahead as planned August 23, 2007 in Mesa, Arizona. Boeing spokeperson Lori Gunter stated on September 6, 2007 that results matched what Boeing's engineers had predicted. As a result the company can model various crash scenarios using computational analysis rather than performing more tests on actual pieces of the plane
  • However, it has also been suggested by a fired Boeing engineer that in the event of a crash landing, survivable in a metal plane, the composite fuselage could shatter and burn with toxic fumes
  • Boeing had been working to trim excess weight since assembly of the first airframe began in 2006. This is typical for new aircraft during their development phase. The first six 787s, which are to be used as part of the test program, will be overweight according to Boeing Commercial Airplanes CEO Scott Carson. After the flight test program, these aircraft will be delivered to airline customers All Nippon Airways, Northwest Airlines and Royal Air Maroc at speculated deeper than usual discounts.[107] The first 787 is expected to be 5,000 lb (2,270 kg) overweight. The seventh and subsequent aircraft will be the first optimized 787s and are expected to meet all goals.[108] Boeing has redesigned some parts and made more use of titanium.[38] According to ILFC's Steven Udvar-Hazy, the 787-9's operating empty weight is around 14,000 lb (6,350 kg) overweight, which also could be a problem for the proposed 787-

MATERIALS SELECTION PROCESS: DIXON AND POLI

EXAMPLE: FISHING REEL EXAMPLE

  • Options:
    • Injection molding
    • Cast aluminum/die or mold
    • Wrought aluminum/stamping
    • Wrought steel/stamping

EXAMPLE 2: THRUST STAND

  • Continue literature survey and review of existing and hobby thrust stands
  • Rework of dimensions and performance of most likely candidate rockets to be tested
  • Large parametric investigation of multiple designs:
    • Structural integrity
    • Rigidity
    • Weight
    • Manufacturability
    • Modularity
    • Portable
    • Flexibility of design for future enhancements
  • Novel calibration and testing plan
  • Quadra-axial feature (torque) presents unique design challenges