Download MBA 704 Exam Questions and Answers: Learning, Motivation, and Reinforcement and more Exams Economics in PDF only on Docsity!
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learning - - - correct answer ✅reflects relatively permanent changes in an employee's knowledge or skill that result from experience expertise - - - correct answer ✅refers to the knowledge and skills that distinguish experts from novices and less experienced people Employees learn two types of knowledge - - - correct answer ✅explicit and tacit explicit knowledge - - - correct answer ✅easy to communicate and teach tacit knowledge - - - correct answer ✅more difficult to communicate; gained with experience
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characteristics of explicit knowledge - - - correct answer ✅-easily transferred through written or verbal communication -readily available to most -can be learned through books -always conscious and accessible information -general information characteristics of tacit knowledge - - - correct answer ✅-Very difficult, if not impossible, to articulate to others -Highly personal in nature -Based on experience -Sometimes holders don't even recognize that they possess it -Typically job- or situation-specific employees learn through - - - correct answer ✅reinforcement AKA operant conditioning and observation
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contingencies of reinforcement - - - correct answer ✅Increase desired behaviors and decrease unwanted behaviors types of contingencies of reinforcement - - - correct answer ✅positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, extinction positive reinforcement - - - correct answer ✅positive outcome follows a desired behavior negative reinforcement - - - correct answer ✅an unwanted outcome is removed following a desired behavior punishment - - - correct answer ✅an unwanted outcome follows an unwanted behavior extinction - - - correct answer ✅the removal of a consequence following an unwanted behavior
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punishment and extinction - - - correct answer ✅decrease unwanted behaviors positive and negative reinforcement - - - correct answer ✅increases desired behaviors schedules of reinforcement examples - - - correct answer ✅praise- continuous paycheck- fixed interval supervisor walk by- variable interval piece rate pay- fixed ratio commission pay- variable ratio social learning theory argues that - - - correct answer ✅people in organizations have the ability to learn through the observation of others behavior modeling involves - - - correct answer ✅observing and learning from other and then repeating the action
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reinforcement process - - - correct answer ✅learner must view the model receiving reinforcement for the behavior and then receive it themselves Goal Orientation - - - correct answer ✅learning orientation and performance prove and performance avoid orientation learning orientation - - - correct answer ✅building competence is deemed more important than demonstrating competence performance-prove orientation - - - correct answer ✅focus on demonstrating their competence so that others think favorably of them performance-avoid orientation - - - correct answer ✅focus on demonstrating their competence so that others will not think poorly of them Motivation - - - correct answer ✅a set of energetic forces that originates both
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within and outside an employee, initiates work-related effort, and determines its direction, intensity, and persistence theories that attempt to summarize the key factors that foster high motivation - - - correct answer ✅expectancy theory, goal setting theory, equity theory, psychological empowerment expectancy theory - - - correct answer ✅the theory that people will be motivated to the extent to which they believe that their efforts will lead to good performance, that good performance will be rewarded, and that they will be offered attractive rewards effort to performance - - - correct answer ✅Expectancy If I exert a lot of effort, will I perform well? performance to outcomes - - - correct answer ✅instrumentality if i perform well will i receive outcomes?
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Instrumentality can be hindered by - - - correct answer ✅•Inadequate budget to provide outcomes, even when performance is high •Use of policies that reward things besides performance, such as attendance or seniority •Time delays in rewarding good performance positive valence - - - correct answer ✅-Prefer having the outcome (salary increases, bonuses) -Outcomes that satisfy needs are more positively valenced negative valence - - - correct answer ✅prefer not having outcome (disciplinary action, termination) zero valence - - - correct answer ✅No interest in outcome either way (bored with outcome) Commonly studied needs in OB - - - correct answer ✅existence, relatedness, control, esteem, meaning
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Extrinsic Outcomes (Valence) - - - correct answer ✅pay, bonuses, promotions, benefits and perks, spot awards, support, job security, praise, free time, support Intrinsic Outcomes (Valence) - - - correct answer ✅enjoyment, interestingness, accomplishment, knowledge gain, skill development, personal expression, lack of boredom, lack of anxiety, lack of frustration the meaning of money - - - correct answer ✅achievement, respect, freedom motivation force equation - - - correct answer ✅MV= (E -> P) x e [ (P -> 0) x V] Multiplicative effect - - - correct answer ✅Motivation is zero if either expectancy, instrumentality, or valence is zero Goal Setting Theory - - - correct answer ✅Motivation is fostered when employees are given
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participation strategy - - - correct answer ✅collaborate on setting the specific proficiency level and due date for a goal, so that the employee feels a sense of ownership over the goal resources strategy - - - correct answer ✅provide the resources needed to attain the goal and remove any constraints that could hold back task efforts equity theory - - - correct answer ✅Motivation is maximized when an employee's ratio of "outcomes" to "inputs" matches those of some "comparison other" motivation also depends on the outcomes received by other employees equity theory comparison result - - - correct answer ✅all lined up- no action needed Unrewarded Inequity - - - correct answer ✅anger- increase outcomes by talking to your boss
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or by stealing from the company, decrease inputs by lowering the intensity of persistence of effort Overreward Inequity - - - correct answer ✅guilty- decrease your outcomes, increase your inputs through more high quality work or through some cognitive distortion Distributive Justice - - - correct answer ✅perceptions of fairness related whether or not outcomes have been allocated in accordance with accepted norms- decision making outcomes procedural justice - - - correct answer ✅perceptions of fairness related to whether or not the rules of fair process have been followed Interpersonal Justice - - - correct answer ✅the perceived fairness of the treatment received by employees from authorities
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Informational Justice Rules - - - correct answer ✅Justification - do authorities explain procedures thoroughly? Truthfulness - are those explanations honest? psychological empowerment - - - correct answer ✅An intrinsic form of motivation derived from the belief that one's work tasks are contributing to some larger purpose psychological empowerment four beliefs - - - correct answer ✅meaningfulness, self-determination, competence, impact Meaningfulness - - - correct answer ✅an importance relevant to ones ideals and passions Self-determination - - - correct answer ✅or autonomy, a choice about the imitation and continuation of work
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competence - - - correct answer ✅a belief that the person is able to perform the work successfully impact - - - correct answer ✅The sense that a person's actions "make a difference" - that progress is being made toward fulfilling some important purpose positive reinforcement example - - - correct answer ✅child works hard at school, reward them with candy negative reinforcement example - - - correct answer ✅child worked hard at school, reward them with no homework for the night Punishment reinforcement example - - - correct answer ✅when a child screams, parent gives child a timeout
