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MCAT Biology Chapter 3 Embryogenesis & Development Review – Developmental Biology Study Gu, Exams of Developmental biology

Johns Hopkins University (JHU)Developmental biology

This Embryogenesis & Development Review Guide supports MCAT Biology preparation by providing a clear, structured summary of the developmental biology concepts most relevant for pre-med students. The material focuses on early human development and the biological mechanisms that regulate cellular differentiation and organ formation. Key concepts reviewed include: Fertilization and formation of the zygote Cleavage, morula, and blastocyst development Implantation and early embryonic layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) Neurulation and early nervous system development Organogenesis and tissue specialization Stem cells, cell signaling, and developmental regulation Apoptosis and morphogen gradients in embryonic patterning This guide helps learners strengthen concept mastery, scientific reasoning, and readiness for passage-based MCAT questions, making it ideal for independent review and pre-exam reinforcement.

Typology: Exams

2025/2026

Available from 02/04/2026

ruth-nyambura
ruth-nyambura 🇺🇸

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Download MCAT Biology Chapter 3 Embryogenesis & Development Review – Developmental Biology Study Gu and more Exams Developmental biology in PDF only on Docsity!

Fertilization occurs at - answer V V-the widest part of the Fallopian tube called the ampulla Sperm meets what type of egg during fertilization? - answer V V-Secondary oocyte the calcium ion release during fertilization serves what 2 important roles? - answer /V-- cause depolarization of the membrane of the ovum to prevent fertilization my multiple sperm cells - increased calcium concentration increases the metabolic rate of the newly formed zygote Describes the steps of fertilization - answer / /-1. sperm meets secondary oocyte at the Fallopian tube 2. sperm releases acrosomal enzyme that creates the acrosomal apparatus, which penetrates the the cell membrane of the egg 3. cortical reaction release calium ions cleavage - answer VV-rapid mitotic cell division of the zygote that does true or false? the cell grows in size during cleavage? - answer ¥V V-false, cell does not grow in size, just divides what does cleavage increase what two types of ratios? - answer /V-- increases in the nuclear to cytoplasmic N:C ratio - increase in the surgace area to volume ratio why is increase in surface area during cleavage important? - answer / V-increase surface area for the for gas and nutrient exchange reactive to overall volcime what are the two types of cleavage? - answer V V-- indeterminate cleavage - determinate cleavage indeterminate cleavage - answer V V-results in cells that are capable of becoming any cell in the organism determinate cleavage - answer /V-results in cells that are committed to differentiating into a specific cell type once murulla is formed which step occurs? - answer /V-blastulation blastulla - answer /V-a hallow ball of cell with a fluid filled inner cavity known as blastoceol mammalian bastulla is known as - answer V V-blastocyte which consists of trophoblast and inner cell mass tropoblast cells - answer /¥-surround the blastocel and gives rise to the chrion and later the placenta inner cell mass - answer ¥ V-protudes into the blastocel and gives rise to the organism itself. chrion - answer V /-extraembryonic membrane that develops into the placenta where does the blastulla move to for implantation? - answer / /-uterus, where it burrows into the endometrium mesoderm - answer / ¥-- middle layer - becomes much of the musculoskeletal circulatory, and excretory system - gives rise to gonads and the muscular and connective tissue layers of the digestive and respiratory system, as well as the adrenal cortex Endoderm - answer ¥ V-- inner most layer - becomes the epithelial lining of the repiratory and digestive tract and parts of the pancreas, thyroid, bladder and distal urinary tract Neurolation - answer V ¥-development of the nervous system ( derived from the ectoderm) notochord - answer V V-a rod of mesoderm Central nervous system is formed from - answer V V-neural tube Peripheral nervous system, ganglia, schwan cell,s and adrenal medulla are formed from - answer VV- neural crest tetrogens - answer V¥-substances that interfere with development causing defects or even death of the developing embyro alcohol, drugs, virus, bacteria, and environmental chemicals - answer V /-examples of tetrogens name the steps of embryofenesis in order - answer / V-fertilization, cleavage, blastulation, implantation, gasturlation, and neuralation Determination - answer /¥-the commitment of a cell to having a particular function in the future two pathways in which determination can occur - answer V V-1. accompanied by uneven segregation of cellular material during mitosis 2. by morphogens, which promote development down a specific cell line differntiation - answer / V-after a cell's fate has been determined, it must undertake changes that cause the cell to develop into determined cell type stem cell - answer V V-cells that give rise to other cells that will defferentiate classification of stem cells by its potency - answer / /-1. totipotent cells 2. pluripotent cells 3. multipotent cells totipotent cells - answer / V-- cells with the greatestt potency - are capable of differentiating into all cell type including the 3 germ layers and placental structures Pluripotent cells - answer V V-cells that are able to differentiate into all three germ layers and their derivates multipotent cells - answer / V-are able to differentiate only into a specific subset of cell types ( found in most adults) surrounding tissues induce a developing cell to become a particular cell - answer V V-known as an inducer responder - answer Vv-cell that is induced to be induced, a responder must be - answer V V-competent or able to respond to the inducing signal cell communication can occur via - answer //-1. autocrine 2. paracrine senescence - answer VV -the result of multiple molecular and metabolic processes and also the shortening of telomers during cell division placenta - answer V V-organ were nutrient, gas and waste exchange occurs the simplest method to move nutrients and waste products is by - answer / /-diffusion, which requires a gradient. Fetal blood contains - answer V /-fetal hemoglobin ( HbF) which has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin - assists in the transfer and retention of oxygen into the fetal circulatory system the placenta barrier also serves to - answer V V-- immune protection against many pathogens. Antibodies are transferred from mother to child Placenta also serves endocrine function by - answer V /-secreting estrogen, progesterone, human gonadotropin which is important in maintaining pregnancy umbilical arteries - answer V V-carry blood away from fetus to placenta - carries deoxygentated blood umbilical veins - answer VV-carry blood toward the fetus from the placenta - carries oxygenated blood liver and lungs do not serve significant function in fetal development and prior to birth because - answer Vv ¥-these organs are underdeveloped and sensitive to high pressure nutrients, waste and gas exchange occurs where in fetal development? - answer /V-placenta detoxification and metabolism is - answer / /-controlled by the mother's liver the three shunts that actively direct blood away from the lungs and liver - answer V V-1. forman ovale 2. ductus arteriosus 3. ductus venosus forman ovale - answer V ¥-connects the right atrium to the left atrium; bypassing the lung ductus arteriosus - answer V ¥-connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta; by passing the lung ductus venosus - answer /¥-connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava; by passing the lievr unlike adult circulation, which side of the heart has higher pressure during fetal development and later reverses after birth? - answer V /-right, after birth circulation reverses, closing the foreman ovale. Human gestation lasts an estimated - answer V V-280 days and is divided into 3 trimester orgogensis occurs ( development of the heart, eyes, gonads, and liver, limbs, brain") embryo becomes a fetus - answer VV -first trimester tremendous growth occurs, movement begins, face becomes distinctly human and digits elongate - answer ¥ /-second trimester rapid growth and brain development continues. High transfer of antibodies to the fetus. - answer /V- third trimester parturtion - answer V V-vaginal birth the three phases of birth - answer / V-1. cervix thins out and amniotic sac ruptures