Memory and Eyewitness Testimony, Exams of Psychology

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PSYC 1111 Introduction to Psychology 1 Review Test Submission- Unit 4 Quiz Solution – OL_PSYC_1111_SW Thompson

Rivers University

Question 1

1 out of 1 points

The influential studies of eyewitness memory that were carried out by Elizabeth Loftus and her

colleagues led to the general conclusion that eyewitnesses' memories are:

Selected Answer: b. Vulnerable to misleading information

Answers: a.

Reliable under most circumstances

b. Vulnerable^ to^ misleading^ information

c. Reliable,^ but^ only^ when^ the^ witness^ is^ motivated

d. Reliable^ despite^ the^ effects^ of^ misleading^ information

Question 2

1 out of 1 points

Ryan, an avid football enthusiast, and his mother, who is much less familiar with the game, are

watching their favourite college team attempt to score. Which one of the following conclusions is most

likely?

Selected Answer:

d.

The positions of the players form 1 chunk in Ryan's STM but 11 chunks in his

mother's STM

Answers: a.

The positions of the players form 11 chunks in Ryan's STM but 1 chunk in his

mother's STM

b.

The positions of the players form 11 chunks in Ryan's STM and in his

mother's STM

c.

The positions of the players form 1 chunk in Ryan's STM and in his mother's STM

d.

The positions of the players form 1 chunk in Ryan's STM but 11 chunks in his

mother's STM

Question 3

1 out of 1 points

If you were playing a game of chess, you might try to analyze all of the possible moves and then pick

the best one, but there are just too many, so you will probably use a strategy such as "protect the

king." Such "rules of thumb" are known as:

Selected Answer: b. Heuristics

Answers: a.

Mental blocks

b. Heuristics

c. Analogies

d. Algorithms

Question Correct Match Selected Match

A rule of thumb that suggests a course of action or guides

problem solving but does not guarantee an optimal solution

b. heuristic b. heuristic

A tendency to solve problems using procedures that

worked before on similar problems

The tendency to look for or pay attention only to

information that supports one's own belief

a.

mental set

d.

confirmation

bias

a.

mental set

d.

confirmation

bias

A problemsolving strategy guaranteed to produce a

solution even if the user does not know how it works e. algorithm e. algorithm

The tendency to overestimate one's ability to have

predicted an event once the outcome is known

All Answer Choices

a. mental^ set

b. heuristic

c. hindsight^ bias

d. confirmation^ bias

e. algorithm

c.

hindsight bias

c.

hindsight bias

Question 5

Question 6

1 out of 1 points

Based on studies of U.S. and South Korean students, which is NOT one of the top four psychological

needs?

Selected Answer: d. Selfactualization

Answers: a. Competence

b. Autonomy

c. Relatedness

d. Selfactualization

1 out of 1 points

Dallas is an 8 yearold boy who has a mental age of 11 years. His IQ would be about:

Selected Answer: c.

Answers: a.

b.

c.

d.

• Question

e. Maintenance rehearsal

c. Episodic memory

f.

Consolidation

d. Elaborative rehearsal

h. Deep processing

b. Shortterm^ memory

c. Episodic^ memory

d. Elaborative^ rehearsal

e. Maintenance^ rehearsal

f. Consolidation

g. Semantic^ memory

h. Deep^ processing

i. Procedural^ memory

j. Working^ memory

Question 9

1 out of 1 points

Even though his physician has told him that there is not an association between weather conditions

and arthritis pain, Neville is convinced that his arthritis will act up when barometric pressure changes.

Neville's tendency to see a meaningful pattern even when it doesn't exist is called:

Selected Answer: a.

Mental set

Answers: a. Mental set

b. Mindlessness

c. Justification^ of^ effort

d. Stereotype^ threat

Question 10

1 out of 1 points

Contemporary memory researchers would be most likely to agree that childhood amnesia:

Selected Answer:

a.

Occurs because the prefrontal cortex and other key brain structures aren't

developed yet

Answers: a.

Occurs because the prefrontal cortex and other key brain structures aren't

developed yet

b.

Is due to the processing of so much new information that retroactive

interference occurs

c.

Occurs when the ego represses id experiences until the superego forms at ages

three to six years old

d.

Is due to the babies' inability to access memories frequently enough before

decay occurs

Accurate encoding of information would be most likely to take place automatically when:

Selected Answer:

d.

You choose the table in the library where you usually study.

Answers: a. You sit down to read the chapter on memory in your psychology book.

b.

Your instructor models the correct way to hold your hand over the piano

keys.

c.

Your roommate, a tennis expert, takes you to the court to play your first

game.

d. You choose the table in the library where you usually study.

Question 12

1 out of 1 points

When Sven's parents overhear him describing a birthday party from earlier in his life, they look at

each other in surprise. In the middle of Sven's recollection of his own party were details of one of his

father's childhood parties! Sven's memory illustrates the concept of:

Selected Answer: a.

Confabulation

Answers: a. Confabulation

b. Decay

c. Implicit^ memory

d. Priming

Question 13

Question 14

1 out of 1 points

The threebox model of memory remains a leading approach for all of the following reasons except:

Selected Answer: d. It hasn't been challenged by alternative models of memory.

Answers: a. It offers a convenient way to organize the major findings on memory.

b. It^ is^ consistent^ with^ the^ biological^ facts^ that^ are^ known^ about^ memory.

c. It^ does^ a^ good^ job^ accounting^ for^ the^ major^ findings^ on^ memory.

d. It^ hasn't^ been^ challenged^ by^ alternative^ models^ of^ memory.

1 out of 1 points

A couple has been married for a short period of time. A second couple has been involved in a loving

relationship for many years. The first couple's marriage is more likely to be characterized as

love; the second couple's relationship is more likely to be called

love.

Selected Answer: d.

passionate; companionate

Answers: a. positive; negative

b. attached;^ sad

c. pragmatic;^ erotic

d. passionate;^ companionate

Question 15

1 out of 1 points

Which one of the following people is most likely to experience cognitive dissonance?

Selected Answer:

Answers: a.

c.

The smoker who knows that smoking causes lung cancer

The lawyer who worked hard to complete law school and likes working as a

lawyer

b. The^ teenager^ who^ doesn't^ like^ the^ car^ a^ parent^ bought^ for^ him

c. The^ smoker^ who^ knows^ that^ smoking^ causes^ lung^ cancer

d. The^ draftee^ who^ hates^ the^ army

Question 16

Which one of the following is an example of an approachavoidance conflict?

1 out of 1 points

Selected Answer:

d.

You can't decide whether or not to get married to the woman you love and give

up the single life.

Answers: a.

You can't decide which of two movies to see.

b.

You can't decide whether to vote for Smith or Jones in the upcoming election,

neither of whom you like.

c.

You can't decide which answer to this question is correct.

d.

You can't decide whether or not to get married to the woman you love and give

up the single life.

Question 17

1 out of 1 points

Research concerning the implicit rules for proper sexual behaviour among gay men and lesbians

shows that:

Selected Answer:

d.

Gay men and lesbians tend to be more flexible than heterosexuals in

establishing rules for their relationships.

Answers: a.

In the number of sexual partners and sexual practices, gay men are generally similar

to heterosexual women.

b.

Gay men and lesbians negotiate unique relationships that do not follow sexual

scripts.

d.

Gay men and lesbians tend to be more flexible than heterosexuals in

establishing rules for their relationships.

Question 18

1 out of 1 points

Stereotype threat has been shown to affect the test performance of , who perform

better on tests when they are not feeling selfconscious about themselves as members of negatively

stereotyped groups.

Selected Answer: b.

elderly people

Answers: a.

men

b. elderly^ people

c. children

d. middleincome^ people

Question 19

Studies on the biology of desire indicate that:

0 out of 1 points

Selected Answer: d.

Testosterone directly causes sexual arousal in men and women.

Answers: a.

Women and men are physically opposite.

b. Lowering^ testosterone^ causes^ a^ loss^ of^ sexual^ desire.

c. Sexual^ activity^ produces^ higher^ levels^ of^ testosterone.

d. Testosterone^ directly^ causes^ sexual^ arousal^ in^ men^ and^ women.

Question 20

Quasireflective thinkers would be likely to say that:

1 out of 1 points

Selected Answer:

c.

Because knowledge is uncertain, any judgment about the evidence is purely

subjective.

Answers: a.

Correct answers always exist and they can be obtained through the senses.

b.

Their conclusions are the most compelling based on current evidence.

c.

Because knowledge is uncertain, any judgment about the evidence is purely

subjective.

d.

Some judgments are more valid than others due to their coherence.

Question 21

1 out of 1 points

Research investigations of identical twins reared together and apart show that:

Selected Answer:

b.

The early family environment has almost no effect at all on weight gain.

b. need^ for^ achievement

c. selfefficacy

d. selfactualization

e. intrinsic^ motivation

Question 24

0 out of 1 points

Zeke finds that he performs better on the exams that are given in his regular psychology classroom

than he does in the large lecture room that is used to give midterms and finals to several sections at

once. Zeke's experience illustrates the:

Selected Answer: b. Importance of statedependent memory

Answers: a. Role of retroactive interference

b. Importance^ of^ statedependent^ memory

c. Role^ of^ proactive^ interference

d. Importance^ of^ retrieval^ cues^ in^ memory

Question 25

Research on the biology of memory indicates that:

0 out of 1 points

Selected Answer:

b.

When patients, such as H.M., are unable to form new declarative memories, they

also will be unable to acquire new procedural memories.

Answers: a.

Human patients who have damage in the hippocampus cannot be classically

conditioned to blink their eyes in response to a tone.

b.

When patients, such as H.M., are unable to form new declarative memories, they

also will be unable to acquire new procedural memories.

c.

The brain circuits that take part in the formation of longterm memories are the same

as those involved in longterm storage.

d.

The role of the hippocampus may be to bind together diverse aspects of a

memory so that the memory is retrieved as one coherent entity.

Question 26

Human evolution seems to have predisposed the body to:

1 out of 1 points

Selected Answer:

a.

Store calories when food is abundant in order to aid survival when food is

scarce.

Answers: a.

Store calories when food is abundant in order to aid survival when food is

scarce.

b.

d.

Speed up metabolism when tasty food is easily available in order to prevent

excessive weight gain.

Question 27

Tate is motivated by performance goals. Tate is likely to: Selected

Answer: a. Make an effort to show competence.

Answers: a. Make an effort to show competence.

1 out of 1 points

b. Try,^ and^ then^ try^ again^ when^ the^ first^ effort^ doesn't^ succeed.

c. Feel^ intrinsic^ pleasure^ in^ the^ task^ he^ is^ mastering.

d. Determine^ how^ a^ particular^ mistake^ can^ be^ "his^ friend."

Question 28

1.5 out of 2 points

How does the focus of the cognitive theories of intelligence differ from the focus of psychometric

theories? How do the two approaches define intelligence?

Selected Answer: Psychometric theories is a psycological model that represents intelligence as a

composite of abilities measured by mental tests (psycological mesurement) in which

those can be quantified; this theory study individual differences in test performance on

cognitive tests. Cognitive theories study the processes involved in intelligence

performance (individual differences) in which intelligence comprises mental

representations of information and processes that can operate on those

representations (executed serially). In conclusion, they differ from each other because

cognitive theories of intelligence are used to understand people's strategies for solving

problems and use this information to improve mental performance using a set of

mental representations (they cannot be quantified), and psychometric theories do not.

What they have in common is that both study and measure intelligence.

Correct

Answer: A^ good^ answer^ will^ include^ the^ following^ key^ points.^ *^ Cognitive^ theories^ of^ intelligence

focus on strategies people use when solving problems. * Psychometric theories of

intelligence focus on how well people perform on standardized tests. * Cognitive

theories define intelligence as consisting of many different skills and talents in addition

to intellectual skills (e.g., triarchic theory). * Psychometric theories define intelligence

as a general intellectual ability captured by IQ scores, or a range of specific verbal and

nonverbal abilities.

Response Feedback: [None Given]

Question 29

1.5 out of 2 points

Without the testimony of eyewitnesses, many guilty people would go free. But some convictions are

tragic mistakes because memory is reconstructive and the testimony isn't always reliable. Describe

conditions under which errors in eyewitness testimony are most likely to occur.

Selected Answer:

Correct

The most common error in eyewitness testimony are: misidentification, misattribution,

confuse information, missing information, distortions in memory, memory misplaces,

combining memories and information. The conditions could be: poor visibility conditions,

stressful conditions, etc.

Answer: A^ good^ answer^ will^ include^ the^ following^ key^ points.^ *^ The^ suspect's^ ethnicity

differs from that of the witness. * Suggestive comments are made and suggestive

questions asked during interrogation or interview. * Misleading or incorrect

information is presented to the witness after the event.

Response Feedback: [None Given]

Question 30

What are the limitations of the research by Masters and Johnson?

Selected

2 out of 2 points

Answer: Just as Kinsey underestimated women's sexual capacity, Masters and Johnson

overestimated it. They pioneered research into the nature of human sexual

response. Their research was limited by the selection of a sample consisting only

of men and women who were easily orgasmic. They did not

investigate how people’s physiological responses might vary according to their age,

experience, and culture. Threfore, they tended to overlooked individual differences.

Since their research sex researchers have learned much more about individual

variation in sexual physiology and responsiveness.

Correct

Answer: A^ good^ answer^ will^ include^ the^ following^ key^ points.^ *^ Just^ as^ Kinsey^ underestimated

women's sexual capacity, Masters and Johnson overestimated it. * Their research was

limited by the selection of a sample consisting only of men and women who were

easily orgasmic. * They did not investigate how people's physiological responses might

vary according to their age, experience, and culture. * Thus they overlooked individual

differences.

Response Feedback: [None Given]