MEMORY
Practice Question 1
What type of operant conditioning is Stewie
using to get attention from his mom?
Practice Question 2
A reinforcer that acquires its positive value
through experience is a(n) ___________
reinforcer.
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Memory: Types, Processes, and Storage, Slides of Introduction to Psychology
An overview of memory, including its three processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval. It discusses the different types of memory, such as sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory, and their characteristics. The document also covers the role of attention, rehearsal, and chunking in memory, as well as the concepts of explicit and implicit memory, memory consolidation, and memory retrieval.
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2011/2012
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MEMORY
Practice Question 1
What type of operant conditioning is Stewie
using to get attention from his mom?
Practice Question 2
A reinforcer that acquires its positive value through experience is a(n) ___________ reinforcer.
Outline
3 processes of memory
Encoding Storage Retrieval
Stage 1: Encoding
Transform perceptions, thoughts, and feelings into enduring memories
Attention
Levels of Processing and Elaboration
Depths of Processing
Different ways of processing different strengths of memories
Deep processing better memory
Shallow processing emphasizes the physical features of the stimulus the memory is fragile and quickly decays
Information-Processing Model
Short-Term Memory
Information in conscious attention
“Activated memory” Example: Looking up a telephone number
Rehearsal
Mental repetition of information Re-entry into short term memory
Chunking
Combining pieces of information into larger meaningful clusters Larger units → More information remembered 16 units → 5 units
Another Memory Exercise
Duration of STM
up to 20 seconds or...
indefinitely, with maintenance rehearsal (rote repetition)
Rehearsal
Mentally repeating information
- Extends duration of short-term memory
- Facilitates transfer of information to long-term memory
Memory Consolidation
process of transferring information from
short-term to long-term memory
Long-term memory
Unlimited duration Information kept for days, weeks, years Unlimited capacity
Stage 2: Storage
Consciously available Declarative Episodic
Semantic
Outside of consciousness Non-declarative Procedural
Priming
Explicit Memory Implicit Memory
Explicit Memory
Semantic memory Factual knowledge about the world
Episodic memory Past experiences and events
Loftus and Palmer (1978)
Participants watched 4 second film of 2-car accident Then, asked participants: How fast were those cars going when they _____ into
each other? ↓
Smashed Collided Bumped Hit Contacted
Loftus and Palmer (1978)
One week later, asked participants:
Did you see any broken glass?
Suggestibility
yawn pillow
bed
night
late
tired
rest
dream
sheets
sleep
Networks
Memory: Brain Structures
Memory Retrieval Stage 3: Retrieval
Bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored “Remembering”
Retrieval cue External information that helps bring memories to mind
Ways of Retrieving
Recall No cues Example: Essay test
Recognition Choose from options Example: Multiple choice test usually _____________ than recall
- What was on the list?
- Primacy effect – Items rehearsed more
- Recency effect – Less time to forget items
Serial Position Effect
Forgetting
Encoding Failure
Retrieval Failure Intereference
NewNew info
Old info
Interference
Proactive
Retroactive
NewNew info
Try to recall
Old info
NewNew info
Time
Old info
Retrograde Amnesia
Damage to cortex
Storage
Cannot retrieve information from _______________ trauma Soap opera amnesia
Anterograde Amnesia
Damage to hippocampus Encoding
Cannot encode new memories _______________ trauma Memento 50 First Dates
Anterograde Amnesia Case Study
HM – epilepsy patient
Temporal lobe & hippocampus removed Pre-surgery memories only
Case Study Continued…
Only impaired __________ memories
Other memory types intact Short-term memory Procedural memories “Never seen this before” Improved performance