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Week 3 - Cognition: Memory
What are the three parts of information processing important for memory? - ✔✔Encoding- getting info in Storage- retention of info Retrival- getting info out of storage How do recall and recognition differ? - ✔✔Recall- remember it, detailed ex) short answer Recognition- multiple choice, something familiar Sperling's study of sensory memory (SIS): How does accuracy vary in partial report and whole report formats? How does delaying recall affect accuracy? What are: iconic, echoic, hepatic? - ✔✔As time goes by, remember less Iconic- visual Echoic- auditory Haptic- touch What are chunking and the serial position effect, including primacy and recency? - ✔✔Chunking- combining small pieces of info into larger clusters/chunks that are easily held in short term memory Serial position effect- recall the first and last items in a series best, and the middle items worst
Primacy- 1st words remembered better than middle words; intermediate and delayed Recency- last words are recalled better than the 1st and middle words; intermediate recall only What is the real function of STS? Does merely repeating info in STS (or WM) lead to a strong LTM trace? What are maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal (encoding)? - ✔✔Real function STS- organization and elaboration Repeating info does not lead to strong LTM Maintenance rehearsal- temporarily maintaining the new information in the short-term memory. It usually works by repetition. Elaborative rehearsal- method to more effectively encode information into your long-term memory by requiring the brain to process it in a more in-depth way. Elaborative rehearsal consists of making an association between the new information you're trying to learn and the information you already know. How does level of processing (encoding) affect memory? How does visual and auditory encoding affect memory (class demonstration - visualization compared to pronouncing/auditory)? - ✔✔Encoding- transferring what we percieve, think, or feel into an enduring memory Visual- process of storing new info by converting it into mental pictures Auditory-
What is the encoding specificity principle (text: transfer-appropriate processing)? How do state, mood, and context affect retrieval? - ✔✔Subjects can retrieve information from memory only via cues encoded for retrieval at the time of study. If feeling same feeling, easier to remember What are: misinformation effect and source amnesia? What were the main conclusions of related studies (car accident; visualizing spilling punch on a bride and seeing faked photo in balloon) - percentages of people creating false memories? - ✔✔Misinformation effect-refers to the tendency for post-event information to interfere with the memory of the original event. Source amnesia-inability to recall where, when, or how one has learned knowledge that has been acquired and retained. What are the different memory stores? How do they differ in terms of encoding, capacity, and duration? - ✔✔Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory What are implicit (procedural, conditioning, and priming) and explicit memories (semantic & episodic)? Which brain areas are associated with explicit and implicit memory? - ✔✔Implicit- past experiences influence later behavior and preformances, even without an effort to remember them or an awareness of the recollection - cerebellum; not conciousally called, "implied' by actions
- Procedural- gradual aquisition of skills as a result of practice
- Priming- enhanced ability to think of stimulus, as a result of recent exposure to stimulus
- do not rely on hippocampus
- conditioning? Explicit- when people conciousaly or intentionally retrieve past experiences
- Semantic- network of associated facts/concepts that make up our general knowledge of world
- Episodic- collection of past personal experiences that occured at a particular time and place; mentally traveling time
- hippocampus What are: anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia? Damage to the hippocampus leads to what type of memory deficit? - ✔✔Anterograde amnesia- refers to a decreased ability to retain new information Retrograde amnesia- loss of memory-access to events that occurred or information that was learned in the past. Loss of memory and a loss of the ability to make new, long-term memories What are the seven sins of memory? Identify them given an example. - ✔✔1. Absent-mindedness
Store-term memory: what are chunking, clusters, and hierarchies? - ✔✔Chunking- combining small pieces of info into larger clusters/chunks that are easily held in short term memory Clusters- organizing information in memory into related groups. Memories are naturally clustered into related groupings during recall from long-term memory Hierarchies-? What is long-term potentiation? - ✔✔persistent strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity. These are patterns of synaptic activity that produce a long-lasting increase in signal transmission between two neurons.
