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MHA 708: HEALTH POLICY AND MANAGEMENT | FINAL EXAM
D STUDY GUIDE
SECTION 1: FEDERALLY QUALIFIED HEALTH CENTERS (FQHC)
Question 1
What is a Federally Qualified Health Center (FQHC) and what services do they provide?
Answer: FQHCs are health centers aimed at providing care for underserved areas. They provide comprehensive services including clinical care, transportation, translation, and education to improve access to healthcare for vulnerable populations [citation:1][citation:2].
Question 2
What are the major challenges facing Qualified Health Centers?
Answer: Qualified Health Center challenges include:
- Economic slowdown
- Shifting demographic trends
- Shifting disease burden
- Increasing complexity of delivery of healthcare system
- Health and healthcare disparities
- Healthcare workforce shortage
- Rapid rate of technological growth [citation:1][citation:2][citation:4]
Question 3
What is the impact and reach of FQHCs in the United States?
Answer: As of 2020, nearly 1,400 FQHCs provide care at 13,000 sites across all 50 states and every US territory, demonstrating the extensive reach of this safety-net healthcare system [citation:1][citation:4].
SECTION 2: MY HEALTH GPS (COORDINATED CARE)
Question 4
What is My Health GPS and what are its objectives?
Answer: My Health GPS is a coordinated care benefit program for Medicaid beneficiaries with three or more chronic conditions enrolled in either Fee-for-Service (FFS) or managed care plans. It seeks to improve outcomes and reduce unnecessary hospitalizations and emergency department visits by integrating an interdisciplinary team led by primary care [citation:1][citation:2].
Question 5
What is the target population and reach of My Health GPS?
Answer: My Health GPS targets approximately 25,000 beneficiaries with three or more chronic conditions [citation:1][citation:3].
Question 6
How are visits structured in the My Health GPS program?
Answer: Visits are divided into two acuity groups:
- Group 1: Two 25-minute contacts per month with care team
- Group 2 (higher acuity): Six 40-minute contacts per month with care team [citation:1][citation:3]
Question 7
What is the staffing composition for My Health GPS?
Answer: The My Health GPS interdisciplinary team includes:
- Health home manager
- Nurse care manager
- Care coordinator
- Social Worker
- Licensed clinical pharmacist
- Community health worker or peer navigator [citation:1][citation:2][citation:3]
Question 8
How are providers paid in the My Health GPS program?
Answer: Providers are paid on a per-member per-month (PMPM) basis. Provider requirements include:
- Inform beneficiary of this health home benefit
- Receive consent from beneficiary
- Develop care plan for beneficiary
Question 13
Why are targeted policies necessary for vulnerable populations?
Answer: Targeted policies are necessary because vulnerable populations have greater health needs, and vulnerability is influenced by social forces, fundamentally linked with national resources, and cannot coexist with total equity [citation:5].
Question 14
What is the relationship between vulnerability and total equity?
Answer: Vulnerability and total equity cannot coexist [citation:4][citation:5].
Question 15
What is the trend in the prevalence of vulnerability in the United States?
Answer: The prevalence of vulnerability in the United States is increasing [citation:5].
SECTION 4: VULNERABLE POPULATIONS - RACIAL AND ETHNIC MINORITIES
Question 16
What percentage of the US population is made up of racial and ethnic minorities?
Answer: More than 34 percent of the US population is made up of racial and ethnic minorities, making it one of the most diverse populations in the world [citation:4][citation:5].
Question 17
What disparities do racial and ethnic minorities experience in healthcare?
Answer: Racial and ethnic minorities experience disparities in:
- Access to healthcare
- Quality of healthcare
- Health status outcomes [citation:4][citation:5]
Question 18
What factors contribute to lack of a regular source of care among minorities?
Answer: Factors include:
- Absence of health insurance coverage
- Low family income
- Language other than English spoken in the home
- Disengagement (may not value health as highly)
- Lack of culturally appropriate services [citation:4][citation:5]
Question 19
What are culturally and linguistically appropriate services (CLAS)?
Answer: Culturally and linguistically appropriate services (CLAS) are services that are respectful of and responsive to a patient's cultural beliefs, practices, and communication needs. CLAS can help improve the quality of care and reduce health disparities [citation:7].
Question 20
What are the healthcare quality concerns for racial and ethnic minorities?
Answer: Minorities are:
- More likely to report dissatisfaction with quality of care
- More likely to report dissatisfaction with patient-provider interactions
- Commonly perceive discrimination in quality of treatment [citation:4][citation:5]
Question 21
What are the federal initiatives to eliminate disparities?
Answer: Federal initiatives include:
- Office of Minority Health (OMH)
- Public Housing Primary Care Program
- Head Start [citation:4][citation:5][citation:7]
Question 22
What are state and local initiatives to eliminate disparities?
Answer: State and local initiatives include:
- Minnesota's Eliminating Health Disparities Initiative
- California Department of Public Health Strategic Plan
- South Carolina's Welvista program
- TeleKidcare in Kansas [citation:4][citation:5][citation:7]
- Prevent cancer: Find precancerous polyps and remove them before they turn into cancer
- Reduce deaths: Follow up early detection with timely treatment to reduce deaths from colorectal cancer [citation:1][citation:3].
Question 27
What is the Paul Coverdell National Acute Stroke Program (PCNASP)?
Answer: The PCNASP is a program funded by the CDC, established in 2001 and named after Senator Paul Coverdell of Georgia, who died from a stroke in 2000. The program uses data from state-based registries to monitor and track acute stroke care. Goals include:
- Improve the quality of care for stroke patients
- Reduce the number of premature deaths and disabilities from stroke
- Increase public awareness of stroke prevention and treatment
- Reduce disparities in stroke care
- Improve access to care for stroke patients
- Support the implementation of comprehensive stroke systems
- Improve access to rehabilitation and recovery opportunities after a stroke
- Increase the scientific knowledge and workforce capacity of stroke care [citation:2][citation:3].
Question 28
What is the REACH program?
Answer: The Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH) program is a CDC-funded program that aims to reduce health disparities among racial and ethnicity groups through:
- Supporting national standards for nutrition, physical activity, and breastfeeding in early care and education (ECE) programs
- Supporting family healthy weight programs
- Tobacco prevention and control policies
- Advocating for city ordinances to ban new fast-food restaurants in communities
- Establishing farmer's markets [citation:2][citation:4].
Question 29
What is the Tips From Former Smokers (TIPS) campaign?
Answer: The Tips From Former Smokers (Tips) campaign is a national public health campaign run by the CDC to educate the public about the harmful effects of smoking. Objectives include:
- Increase awareness of the health damage caused by smoking and secondhand smoke
- Encourage adults who smoke to quit
- Encourage adults who smoke not to smoke around others
- Encourage those who don't smoke to protect themselves and their families from secondhand smoke exposure [citation:2][citation:4].
Question 30
What are the strategies and impact of the TIPS campaign?
Answer: Strategies include:
- Placing ads on a variety of media channels
- Partnering with healthcare professionals to encourage patients to quit
- Making materials available for free or low-cost to state and local health programs
- Translating information and resources into additional languages
Impact: Studies have shown the campaign is associated with increased quit attempts and sustained quits. A 2012 study estimated that 1.6 million smokers tried to quit and more than 100,000 likely quit smoking permanently [citation:4].
SECTION 6: DISEASE PREVENTION AND CONTROL PROGRAMS
Question 31
What is injury prevention and control?
Answer: Growing recognition of the costs of injuries to individuals and society, and of their predictability and preventability, helped promote the development of programs for injury prevention and control in local and international health organizations. The Joint Commission helped aim to reduce the number of fall-related injuries in healthcare facilities. Sentinel event alerts more recently aim to reduce dosing errors from rushed IV injection, encouraging smart infusion pumps with drug libraries [citation:1][citation:2].
Question 32
How does Minnesota measure adolescent depression screening and treatment in Medicaid?
Answer: Minnesota uses several tools to screen for and treat adolescent depression. While the state still struggles with high rates of depression (43.4%), 90% of adolescents who had well-child visits also had some sort of mental health or depression screening. Reporting and measurement systems continue to show positive influence on preventive care quality measures of importance in public health [citation:1][citation:2][citation:7].
Question 33
