Microbiology information, Cheat Sheet of Computer science

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Introductory Microbiology

Impact of microorganisms

Microbes are found all over the world, in and on living things, as well as non-living regions. Bacteria and archaea are especially adept at living in diverse environments.

Microbes are ubiquitous

Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) Methane (CH 4 ) Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) Sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6 ) PRIMARILY MANMADE

Microbes have many different types of

impacts on humans, directly and

indirectly.

• Positive impact

• (^) Oxygenation of Earth
• (^) Nutrient cycles
• (^) Microbial products (e.g., vitamins, antibiotics, enzymes, fermented food products)
• (^) Agriculture and livestock
• (^) Wastewater treatment, bioremediation
• (^) Normal microbiota benefits for hosts
• (^) Help counter climate change

Early cyanobacteria carried out photosynthesis that oxygenated Earth’s atmosphere. Abundant O 2 allowed the emergence of eukaryotes and multicellular life forms (e.g., plants, There are oxygenic and nonoxygenic types of photosynthesis

Microbes play important roles in biogeochemical

activities or nutrient cycles, the recycling of

chemical elements like carbon, nitrogen, and

sulfur.

Certain bacteria and fungi are capable of fermentation. There are many different types of fermentation reactions (varying by microbe). Alcohol is usually produced via alcoholic fermentation by yeast (fungi), while most fermented dairy products result from bacterial homolactic or heterolactic fermentation. Other types of fermentation can make products useful in m = metabolic pathways that break down large, complex molecules into smaller, simpler ones, releasin

Modern agriculture relies on microbial processes such as nitrogen fixation. Bacteria that fix N in host plant roots. Humans and many other organisms cannot use N 2 in anabolism. Fixed nitrogen can be incorporated into biological molecules. nabolism = metabolic pathways that build complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy inpu

Microorganisms inhabit the rumen in certain

animals, allowing digestion of cellulose.

Microbes known to produce methane (methanogens) are archaea. The rumen community includes many different microbe types and species. ruminants : grazing animals with a rumen (specialized stomach) where fermentation of plant materials occurs.

Greenhouse gases include CO

2

, CH

4

and N

2

O

https://microbiologysociety.org/why-microbiology-matters/clim ate-change.html https://asm.org/academy/climate-change-and-microbes-scienti

The metabolic diversity of microbes can help us clean up our messes!