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Kumar Saxena delivered this lecture for Microcontroller course at National Institute of Industrial Engineering. Its main points are: Peripheral, Devices, Communication, Address, Data, Control, Bus, Opcode, Fetch, Cycle, Interface
Typology: Slides
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Computers (data processor) are the main controlling element in today’s Industrial and Scientific Applications Computer is defined by two key traits: The ability to be programmed to operate on data without human intervention The ability to store and retrieve data A computer system includes peripheral devices for communication with real world, as well as programs that process data
CPU
RAM ROM
Interface Circuitry
Peripheral Block Diagram of a Microcomputer System Devices
Address Data
Control
The Buses: Address, Data and Control A Bus is a collection of wires carrying information with a common purpose For n address lines 2 n^ memory locations can be addressed The data bus determines the architecture of a Computer (e.g: “ 16 - bit computer”) Control bus are actually the timing signals For each read or write operation, the CPU specifies the location of the data/instruction by placing an address on the Address bus, and then activates a signal on the control bus indicating whether the operation is a read or write docsity.com
Address
Data
Bus activity for an Opcode fetch cycle
Opcode
N+ N-
N
Opcode
N PC
CPU
IR (^) RAM
Clk RD
ROM
Input/Output Devices
C o m p u t e r A D C D A C Thermister, Thermo couple
Blower System
Plant
Input
Output Sensor
Actuator
Temperature Control System
Application Software(User Interface)
Levels of Software
(Command Language, Utilities)^ Operating System
Input/Ouput Subroutines(Access to Hadware)
Hardware
Software costs more as compare to Hardware
CPUs consisting of several ICs (minis) and several circuit board of ICs (Mainframe) docsity.com
CPU
RAM ROM
Timers
Detailed Block Diagram of a Microcomputer System
InterruptControl InterfaceSerial InterfaceParallel
External DeviceSerial ParallelDevice Clocks InterruptsExternal InternalClock
Computer systems has high RAM-to- ROM ratio (ROM = BIOS) Microcontroller can be programmed to embeds with a dedicated task b/c of its low cost, small size and high ROM-to- RAM ratio (e.g: microwave oven) Speed has been lost (nsec to μsec) when small NAND gate logic is implemented on MC as compare to the logic gates, but it is acceptable as far as the human response is concern New generations of MCs has high speed
