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What are microprocessor-based systems? Microprocessor-based systems are electrical systems consistingof microprocessors, memories, I/O units, and other peripherals.
Memory
Outputunits
Inputunits
Bus
MicroprocessorControl
unitDatapathALUReg. ⎯^ Microprocessors are the brains of the systems ⎯^ Microprocessors access memories and other units through buses ⎯^ The operations of microprocessors are controlled by instructionsstored in memories
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What are microprocessors?
^ A
microprocessor is a processor (or Central Processing Unit, CPU)fabricated on a single integrated circuit.
X Y
PC IR Controlunit ALU
ACC
MAR (
Memory Addr Reg
Address bus Control bus Data bus
A simple microprocessor architecture
3
Evolution of Computers
^ First generation (1939-1954) - vacuum tube ^ Second generation (1954-1959) - transistor ^ Third generation (1959-1971) - IC ^ Fourth generation (1971-present) - microprocessor
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Evolution of Computers
Http://history.acusd.edu/gen/recording/computer1.htmlhttp://www.cs.virginia.edu/brochure/museum.htmlhttp://www.columbia.edu/acis/history/650.html
^ First generation (1939-1954) - vacuum tube
IBM 650, 1954
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Evolution of Computers
^ Second generation (1954-1959) - transistor
Http://history.acusd.edu/gen/recording/computer1.htmlhttp://www.computer50.org/kgill/transistor/trans.html
Manchester University Experimental Transistor Computer
6
Evolution of Computers
^ Third generation (1959-1971) - IC
PDP-8, Digital Equipment Corporation^ ⎯^ Thanks to the use of ICs, the DEC PDP-8is the least expensive general purpose smallcomputer in 1960s^ Http://history.acusd.edu/gen/recording/computer1.htmlhttp://www.piercefuller.com/collect/pdp8.html
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Evolution of Computers
^ Fourth generation (1971-present) - microprocessor^ ⎯
In 1971, Intel developed 4-bit 4004 chip for calculatorapplications.
ALU Instructiondecoder
Reg. Programcounter
I/O^
Refreshlogic System bus Control logic ROM/RAM buffer
Timing^
Reset
http://www.intel.com
A good review article: The History of The Microprocessor, Bell Labs Technical Journal,
Autumn, 1997 Block diagram of Intel 4004
4004 chip layout
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Evolution of Intel Microprocessors
100001000 100 10 11974
1979 1982
1985
1989 1993
1997
1999 2000
(^80888080)
(^8038680286)
Pentium^80486
P IIP III
P 4
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 01974
1979 1982
1985
1989 1993
1997
1999 2000
8080 8088
(^8038680286)
Pentium 80486
P II^ P III
P 4
1,000,000100,00010,0001,000^100101 100,000,00010,000,
1974 1979
1982 1985 1989
1993 1997 1999
2000
(^80888080)
(^80386 )
Pentium 80486
P IIIP II P 4
10000100010010 1 0.1^1974
1979 1982
1985 1989
1993 1997 1999
2000
(^80888080)
(^8038680286)
Pentium 80486
P IIIP II P 4
Number of transistors
Minimum transistor sizes (μm)
Clock frequencies (MHz)
MIPS
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8088/8086Overview
Review
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Overview
^ Intel 8088 facts
VDD (5V) 8088 GND
CLK
20-bitaddress
8-bit data
controlsignalsTo 8088
controlsignalsfrom 8088
8088 signal classification
¾^ 20 bit address bus allow accessing1 M memory locations ¾^ 16-bit internal data bus and 8-bitexternal data bus. Thus, it needtwo read (or write) operations toread (or write) a 16-bit datum ¾^ Byte addressable and byte-swapping
Memory locations
5A2F
High byte of wordLow byte of word
Word: 5A2F
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Organization of 8088
AH^
AL BH^
BL CH^
CL DH^
DLSPBPSIDI ALU Flag register
Execution Unit(EU)
EUcontrol
Σ CSDSSSES
ALU Data bus(16 bits)
Address bus (20 bits) Instruction Queue
Buscontrol
External bus IP
Data bus(16 bits)
Bus Interface Unit (BIU)
General purposeregister
Segmentregister
16
General Purpose Registers
15
8 7
0
AX BX CX DX
AH^
AL
BH^
BL
CH^
CL
DH^
DL
AccumulatorBaseCounterData
SP BP SI DI
Data Group Pointer andIndex Group
Stack PointerBase PointerSource IndexDestination Index
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Flag Register
⎯^
OF^
DF^
IF^ TF
ZFSF ⎯
AF^
PF^
CF
⎯^
15 ¾ Control Flags
¾^ Status Flags
IF:^
Interrupt enable flag DF:^
Direction flag TF:^
Trap flag
CF:^
Carry flag PF:^
Parity flag AF:^
Auxiliary carry flag ZF:^
Zero flag SF:^
Sign flag OF:^
Overflow flag
^ Flag register contains information reflecting the current status of amicroprocessor. It also contains information which controls theoperation of the microprocessor.
⎯^
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EU Operation
ALU Data bus(16 bits) AH^
AL BH^
BL CH^
CL DH^
DLSPBPSIDI
General purposeregister ALU Flag register
EUcontrol
instruction 1011000101001010
- Fetch an instruction from instructionqueue2. According to the instruction, EU controllogic generates control signals.( This process is also referred to as instructiondecoding) 3. Depending on the control signal,EU performs one of the followingoperations:^ ¾
An arithmetic operation ¾ A logic operation ¾ Storing a datum into a register ¾ Moving a datum from a register ¾ Changing flag register
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Generating Memory Addresses
^ How can a 16-bit microprocessor generate 20-bit memory addresses?
Segment(64K)
16-bit register16-bit register20-bit memory address
FFFFF^00000
Left shift 4 bits Intel 80x86 memory address generation
1M memory space
OffsetSegmentaddress
Offset
Addr Addr1 + 0FFFF
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Memory Segmentation
^ A segment is a 64KB block of memory starting from
any 16-byte
boundary^ ¾^ For example: 00000, 00010, 00020, 20000, 8CE90, and E0840 are all validsegment addresses^ ¾^ The requirement of starting from 16-byte boundary is due to the 4-bitleft shifting Segment registers in BIU
CS DS SS ES
0 Code SegmentData SegmentStack SegmentExtra Segment
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