Microprocessor LEC01 240916.pdf, Lecture notes of Microprocessors

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Microprocessors

EEC 2103

Dr. Usama Tharwat

[email protected]

Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology

Second Year (2016-2017)I – LEC

2

Which Textbook will be Used?

4

Software Tools

5

History of Computers

•^

The first computers were people

•^

Electronic computers (and the earlier mechanical computers) were giventhis name because they performed the work that had previously beenassigned to people.

7

History of Computers

•^

The

abacus

was an early aid for mathematical computations.

•^

A skilled abacus operator can work on addition and subtraction problems atthe speed of a person equipped with a hand calculator (multiplication anddivision are slower).

8

History of Computers

•^

In 1617

John Napier

invented

logarithms

, which are a technology

that allows multiplication to be performed via addition.

-^

The magic ingredient is the logarithm of each operand, which wasoriginally obtained from a printed table.

-^

But Napier also invented an alternative to tables,where the logarithm valueswere carved on ivory stickswhich are now called^ Napier's Bones

10

History of Computers

•^

Napier's Bones

11

History of Computers

•^

Napier's Bones

13

History of Computers

slide rule

14

History of Computers

slide rule

16

History of Computers

Schickard's Calculating Clock

It is the first gear-driven calculating machine. Its inventor is the Germanprofessor Wilhelm Schickard, 1623. This device got little publicitybecause Schickard died soon afterward in the bubonic plague.

17

History of Computers

•^

In 1642 Blaise Pascal, at age 19, invented the

Pascaline

as an aid

for his father who was a tax collector.

-^

Pascal built 50 of this gear-driven one-function calculator (it could only add

) but couldn't sell many because of their exorbitant cost

and because they really weren't that accurate (at that time it was notpossible to fabricate gears with the required precision).

19

History of Computers

•^

But Leibniz's contributions don't stop there. The binary numbersystem was invented by Leibniz. Yeah, the

binary number system

that runs all the world's technology (which Leibniz predicted as well).

-^

He described (but didn't build) a system of marbles & punchcards that could be used to perform binary calculations

20

History of Computers

•^

In 1801 the Frenchman

Joseph Marie Jacquard

invented a power

loom that could base its weave (and hence the design on the fabric)upon a pattern automatically read from

punched wooden cards

held together in a long row by rope.