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Lang. Characteristics
-Generative and creative -Infinite thoughts can be expressed by combining a finite # of elements via a set of hierarchical rules -Flexibility comes at the price of complexity TERM 2
Lang. Structure
DEFINITION 2 pragmatics-using language to communicate syntax- combining words to form sentences morphemes-words phonemes-sound patterns TERM 3
Empiricist Lang. Acquisition
DEFINITION 3 -- empiricist approaches to language acquisition -- blank slate theories on how learning proceeds ... TERM 4
Blank Slate Theory
DEFINITION 4 Blank slate + association Word-like babbling reinforced...babbling becomes words. Only reward primitive sentences, then correct sentences, etc. TERM 5
Modern Learning theory
DEFINITION 5 Modern versions focus is on: Imitation of adult speakers Memorization of words and then sentences
Issue w/ Blank
S.T.
imitation-Creation of new language structures cannot be based on direct learning. reinforcement-adults do not provide corrections of grammar. TERM 7
Evid. of Lang Rules
DEFINITION 7 the wug test, over-regularization errors where a rule (for example the add -ed past tense rule) is over-applied TERM 8
core knowledge Prop.
DEFINITION 8 -Chomsky's language acquisition device that gives core knowledge necessary to get language learning off the ground. Domain-specific. Built-in rules. Built-in pattern dev. TERM 9
Evid. of Core K.T.
DEFINITION 9 the blank slate theory apply rules too much they over- generalize. Core knowledge is the skeletal form of language, exp is required for lang. aquist. TERM 10
Utterance Rule
DEFINITION 10 Never overheard, only imitated. formation of new language cannot be entirely based upon direct learning
Sensitive
Period
Timing is everything Specialization happens within 1st year Second language learners have less specialized patterns of activation. TERM 17
Precursors to Lang Dev.
DEFINITION 17 auditory Habituation preferences Thumb Sucking TERM 18
Early auditory skills
DEFINITION 18 measured w/auditory habituation. newborn infants show preference for speech of native tongue. selective loss of non- native speech contrasts. 6mo. TERM 19
Parental Role in LA
DEFINITION 19 Exaggeration Slower & Clearer Exaggerated facial expressions Proves:that infants focus on melody prior to word meanings TERM 20
Babbling
DEFINITION 20 8-12 mo. Speech sounds from native language: Sounds comprised of consonant followed by vowel: Deaf infants exposed to sign language babble manually --evidence of understanding of some words before producti
Speech Required?
is speech necessary for language? NO Deaf infants exposed to sign language babble manually. TERM 22
One Word Stage
DEFINITION 22 -about 12 months -Nouns, for objects and people in the child's environment. -Very few function words. TERM 23
Blank Slate
DEFINITION 23 blank slate: association between word and the thing it refers to. TERM 24
Problems w/
BLNKSLT
DEFINITION 24 Too many things associated between word and environment for the child to be sure what is intended by the speaker. called the Gavagai problem. TERM 25
Solving Gavagai
DEFINITION 25 1.whole obj. assump. 2.mutual exclus. assump. 3.syntax and semant. cues 4.non-verbal cues NbrNs aren't Blank slates
2 word utterances
short, yet they preserve the word order used in the language. e.g. Eat cookie not Cookie eat Poss.evidence of core grammatical rules. TERM 32
Cross M. Looking
Tsk
DEFINITION 32 16-18mo Evidence from cross modal selective looking tasks. Children look longer at correct video/picture when the sentence describing that picture/video is playing. TERM 33
3 word
DEFINITION 33 arranging words into more complex sentences, using more clauses etc. I am com-ing over there to eat your cookies big differences in progression. TERM 34
Later Language
DEFINITION 34 -- later language learning is a matter of increasingly complex utterances and adding more and more grammatical rules. Order of acquisition of different rules the same within and across cultures, even though there are large differences in the age at which these rules are acquired and used
