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William Wundt
World's first psychologist. Wrote the first textbook about psychology and consciousness. Established 1st institute for experimental psychology. Studied sensory, preceptua, and response processes. TERM 2
John Watson
DEFINITION 2 First PhD inPsychology. Began behaviorism. TERM 3
Behaviorism
DEFINITION 3 Approach to psychology that focuses on how to describe, explain, predict, and control behavior. TERM 4
Max Wertheimer
DEFINITION 4 Psychologist founder of Gestalt Psychology. Believed that the whole is different fom the sum of its parts. TERM 5
William James
DEFINITION 5 Psychologist interested in how the mind functions to determine what people do and how they behave. Interested in how the mind helps people adapt to their environment.
Gestalt Psychology
The idea that you cannot build up knowledge merely from parts. Consciousness cannot be understood by identifying and analyzing its components and then linking them together as structuralists assumed. The whole is different from the sum of its parts. TERM 7
Ivan Pavlov
DEFINITION 7 Physiologist who did behavioral research, did studies on the salivation of dogs and began the idea of classical conditioning. Won the Nobel Prize TERM 8
Sigmud Freud
DEFINITION 8 Physiciained neurologist. Based theories on his own clinical practice. Started the idea of the unconscious process, talk therapy, the id/ego/suprego, etc. TERM 9
Four Generations of Computers
DEFINITION 9 First: wired circuits, electromagnetic relays, vacuum tubes.Second: transistor, printed circuit boards, reduced sizeThird: integrated circuit. "computer chip." many transistor gates on one microchipFourth: first commercial microprocessor. Put all the computers processing into one large scale integration chip or one VLSI. TERM 10
George Boole
DEFINITION 10 British mathematician who developed binary code and binary logic. Studied relation between math and logic
J.C.R. Licklider
Computer scientist who came up with ideas of human computer symbiosis, the use of a computer as a communication device, and he funded priorities which led to the development of the internet, mouse, windows, and hypertext TERM 17
CPU
DEFINITION 17 Central Processing Unit. Performs all of the instructions of steps in a program TERM 18
Computer
Bus
DEFINITION 18 transmission path onto which data in form of signals are dropped off or picked by every device attached to the line. TERM 19
ROM
DEFINITION 19 Read Only Memory. Initial instructions for the computer as it starts up. TERM 20
RAM
DEFINITION 20 Random Access Memory. Allows the computer to write and read from the storage. Located on a set of memory boards/chip sets plugged into slots. Volatile - all contents are lost when computer is shut down.
LAN
Local Area Network. Allows computers to communicate and share files within a limited range. TERM 22
WAN
DEFINITION 22 Wide Area Network. Allows computers to communicate and share at a global level. World Wide Web, email. TERM 23
BIOS
DEFINITION 23 Basic Input-Output System. Contains all code required to control the keyboard, display screen, disk drives, and serial communications to allow the computer to start up. Typically stored in the ROM chip that comes with the computer. TERM 24
Synapse
DEFINITION 24 Gap between neurons through which signals travel across using chemicals called neurotransmitters. TERM 25
GOMS
DEFINITION 25 Goals, Operators, Methods, and Selection Rules. The cognitive model developed by Card, Moran, and Newell.
Phenomenological Analysis
The subjective description of sensory experiences by way of introspection. TERM 32
Psychophysical Relationship
DEFINITION 32 The relationship between sensory experiences and the physical properties of the stimulus. TERM 33
Psychophysiological Relationship
DEFINITION 33 The physiological mechanism that enablesus to respond to a particular physical attribute, such as frequency of sound, and frequency of light. TERM 34
Gestalt Principles
DEFINITION 34 Good Form, Continuity, Proximity, Similarity TERM 35
Good Form
DEFINITION 35 The perceptual system tries to fill in the blanks to see simple objects rather than numerous complex objects.
Continuity
The perceptual system tries to disambiguate which segments fit together into continuous lines. TERM 37
Proximity
DEFINITION 37 Objects that are close together are seen as associated. TERM 38
Similarity
DEFINITION 38 Objects that are similar are seen as associated. TERM 39
Simple Reaction Time
DEFINITION 39 The time from stimulus onset to response. Duration and intensity of stimulus decrease RT. TERM 40
Choice Reaction Time
DEFINITION 40 Time to select the appropriate Ri for the Si
Claude Shannon
British mathametician, established how binary logic can be used in computing. TERM 47
Grace Hopper
DEFINITION 47 Member of the Codasyl committee who created the FORTRAN language. TERM 48
Steve Jobs
DEFINITION 48 Picked up Xerox's GUI project. Used GUI in the Apple LISA and as a basis for the Mac OS TERM 49
Xerox Parc
DEFINITION 49 Research center where copmany assembled a group of top computer scientists to create the paperless office of tomorrow (1973). Built the Alto computer with the first GUI and first internal network among workstations (Ethernet) (Gen. 2). Dropped project. TERM 50
Neuron
DEFINITION 50 Fundamental unit in the nervous system. It is stimulated at one end, fires, conducts the discharge to another end, and in turn stimulates another neuron. Provides its own energy from the nutrients around it. Has its own genetic code to replicate itself during growth. Sends and recieves information. Nervous system composed of 80-180 billion of them.
Action Potntial
Short-lasting event in which the electrical membrance potential of a cell rapidly rises and falls. It can be viewed as a triggering mechanism. TERM 52
Resting State
DEFINITION 52 In neurons, the state of no activity. The neuron has a negative charge in this state (-60v) TERM 53
Neurotransmitters
DEFINITION 53 Chemicals that transmit signals between neurons across a synapse. TERM 54
Plasticity
DEFINITION 54 The ability to change. The human brain and systemis self- organizing in development. We are adaptive and regenerative. Computers are not - they are hardwired off the assembly line. You cannot change components, chips, circuit board, wires, etc. Computers are standardized. Modifications must be initiated by the owner. However, it is reprogrammable and increasinly self- modifiable. TERM 55
Digital vs. Analog
DEFINITION 55 The human system has inherent values for different states. Neural states include resting/active, inhibitory/exitatory. They are inherently associated with value. But computers are based on numbers, binary always (0 or 1). Values are assigned arbitrarily.
Conceptual Model
System architexture; a formal description of the system, its components, and their interrelationships. This includes HCI, system's model of the user, and defes the steps required to complete tasks using the system. Model starts from the task and inner programming of the computer, and often ignores the concerns of the user (relative to the concerns of programming). Model is user-centered, rather than task-centered. TERM 62
Mental Model
DEFINITION 62 Model that the user has about how the interface works. Model helps us plan and anticipate results, and encodes elements and their relationships and functions. TERM 63
Interface Object Models
DEFINITION 63 Glorified digitial renderings of real objects, also known as Widgets. They look similar to and function similar to real objects. They take advantage of the face that the user is already familiar with their form and operation. Examples: toggle switches, check boxes, sliders, windows, calendars, etc. TERM 64
System Model
DEFINITION 64 Model that is programmed into the computer so that it can internally represent what the user means, wants, and how the user will respond to differnet conditions. This ranges from extremely simple models such as mapping user input to codes, to extremely complex moodels of user characteristics and behavior. Constructed from preference files, user profiles, and past behavior of the user. When accurate, model greatly facilitates communication and reduces errors. TERM 65
Interface Model
DEFINITION 65 Model that emerged as a result of HCI which attempts to capture how the human and machine combine forces. It includes top-level specifications of the intent and purpose of the interface, allocation of functions between the human and the computer, and the relationship between multiple users and systems.
Component Process Models
Models that capture the sequence of operations within the computer, and the transmission of information from these operations through the interface. This is dependent on the mode of interaction. It provides a way to predict performance on a given task with a given interface and suggests ways to incorporate cognitive processes such as attention, judgment, and decision making. TERM 67
Goals
DEFINITION 67 Actions or results that the user wants to accomplish. TERM 68
Operators
DEFINITION 68 Elementary perceptual, motor, or cognitive actions that are used to accomplish the goals. TERM 69
Methods
DEFINITION 69 The procedures that are used to accomplish the goals. TERM 70
Selection Rules
DEFINITION 70 Rules that specify which method should be selected to satisfy a particular goal based on the context.
Think
Aloud
Participant is instructed to verbalize everything he or she is thinking in the course of performing a task. TERM 77
S-R Compatibility
DEFINITION 77 Stimulus-response compatibility. The degree to which people perceive is consistent with the actions they need to take. TERM 78
Problem Solving Set
DEFINITION 78 Solving a number of related problems in the same way causes a person to be fixated on applying the same solution to all cases. It becomes hard to think of an alternative approach. TERM 79
Preparation
DEFINITION 79 Identify a problem, gather information, check for previous solutions. TERM 80
Incubation
DEFINITION 80 Let the problem sit, sleep on it, take a break, so that you get past mental blocks and fixedness
Inspiration
The idea appears out of thin air, "ah-ha" phenomenon TERM 82
Verificiation
DEFINITION 82 Check to see if the solution works, implement a plan, carry out the plan. TERM 83
Selective Encoding
DEFINITION 83 We tend to be drawn off by irrelevent information and miss the real key to the problem. TERM 84
Functional Fixedness
DEFINITION 84 Once we use an object for one purpose it becomes hard to see how it can be used to solve a problem by using it in a different ay. TERM 85
Groupthink
DEFINITION 85 A psychological phenomenon that occurs within a group of people, in which the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an incorrect or deviant decision-making outcome. Groups repress new ideas that could provide a solution to the problem.
Proactive Interference
Learning the target after prior information is learned. The prior information causes interference with the target. TERM 92
Retroactive Interference
DEFINITION 92 Learning a second peice of information after learning the target piece of info. The second information causes interference in the target information. TERM 93
Reposition to Breadth
DEFINITION 93 One strategy for redirecting internet search. To move to a level of the menu tree that affords the greatest breadth of choice. TERM 94
Reposition to High ProbabilityPaths
DEFINITION 94 Method of internet search. In general, users backtrack to the point where they suspect they took a wrong turn. Most likely this is a point at which there was uncertainty in choice. Thus, if a user were fairily sure about a choice, that particular frame would not be a good point to reposition search. If the choice was a toss-up, then that frame would be a good candidate for repositioning. TERM 95
Reposition to Cognitive Landmarks
DEFINITION 95 Method of internet search. When menus are organized according to a semantic network, there are generally pivotal landmarks at which fundamental turns are taken. When we give directions to geographical locations, we genearlly use landmarks. If one gets lost, one can return to the landmark in order to redirect search.
Forward Search vs. Backward
Search
Method of internet search. In general, heirarchical menu structures promote forward search; however, when novice users are more familiar with the target than they are with the forward path, backward search may be used. If novices are searching for an explicit target item, they may initially try to think backwards up a tryy, "What do I select to get X?? If Y leads to X, what do i get to select Y?" TERM 97
Recognition of Recurring Patterns
DEFINITION 97 Method of internet search. In menu search, expert users, no doubt, perceive recurring patterns of menu structure, common menus, types of menu screens, and paths through menu structures. Experts are able to recognize the intent of menys, identify potential paths for search, and search chunks of the meny rather than individual terms. TERM 98
Planning
DEFINITION 98 Internet search method. In a way, menu selection apeals to the trial and error method. However, trial and error as a method of search becomes impractice (a) when the meny system is very extensive and (b) when computer response time is very slow. In these cases, prior planning is imperative. By formulating a plan, the user accomplishes much of the search mentally rather than overtly. The plan may eliminate unfruitful branches, determine the most direct path to the target, and incorporate backup search procedures if the item is not found on the first try. TERM 99
Creativity Techniques Implemented on the
Computer
DEFINITION 99 Brainstorming, mind-mapping, morphological analysis, K-J method. TERM 100
Brainstorming
DEFINITION 100 One of the best known creativity methods developed by Osborn in
- To generate a large number of ideas in a group setting... 1. no criciticm. Participants should not evaluate or criticize ideas during the initial brainstorming session. 2. Quantity over quality. Participants are to generate as many ideas as they can without regard to quality. 3. Originality is encouraged. Unusual and ridculous ideas are encouraged over practice, mundane ideas. 4. Chain reaction, participants can build off of other ideas using combinations and improvements.
