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Interpretation
Intervention that goes beyond what a client has overtly stated or recognized and present a new meaning, reason, or explanation for behaviors, thoughts, or feelings so clients can see problems in a new way. TERM 2
Four Types of Interpretation
DEFINITION 2
- Make connections between seemingly isolated statements/events. 2. Point out themes or patterns in a client's behaviors, thoughts, or feelings. 3. Explicate defenses, resistances, or transferences. 4. Offer a new framework to understand thoughts, feelings, or problems. TERM 3
Verbal Content for Interpretation
DEFINITION 3 A topic followed by a "seemingly unrelated" topic TERM 4
Past Experiences for Interpretation
DEFINITION 4 Using knowledge of a client's past to interpret current thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. TERM 5
Defenses for Interpretation
DEFINITION 5 Help the client understand defense mechanisms that were pointed out through challenges
Developmental Stages for Interpretation
Mastery of developmental tasks that are culturally important TERM 7
Existential Issues for Interpretation
DEFINITION 7 Keep cultural views of death in mind when dealing with anxiety due to loss or death. TERM 8
Unconscious Sources for Interpretation
DEFINITION 8 Slips of the tongue, dreams, fantasies TERM 9
Immediacy
DEFINITION 9 Disclosure of feelings about the client, self in relation to the client, or the therapeutic relationship TERM 10
Action Stage
DEFINITION 10 Stage of helping in which the helper consolidates insight to help clients explore the idea of change, explore options for change, and help figure out how t o make changes.
Direct Guidance
Direct suggestions for what a client should do outside of therapy TERM 17
Disclosure of Strategies
DEFINITION 17 Helper's disclosure of what he or she has tried before and turning it back to the client to see if it might work for them TERM 18
Unassertive-Type Behavior
DEFINITION 18 Do not stand up for self, let others walk all over self. Anger at others makes it hard to be close. TERM 19
Aggressive-Type Behavior
DEFINITION 19 Walking all over others and feeling good afterward because having gotten one's way. Others feel angry which makes it hard to be close. TERM 20
Assertive-Type Behavior
DEFINITION 20 Standing up for one's self without intentionally harming others and feeling good afterwards even though not always getting one's own way.
Premack's
Principle
Behavior that happens reliable can be used as a reinforcer for a behavior that occurs less reliably. (operant conditioning) TERM 22
Helping
DEFINITION 22 A person assisting another in exploring feelings, gaining insight, and making changes in his or her life. TERM 23
Stages of Helping
DEFINITION 23 Exploration, Insight, Action TERM 24
Exploring Thoughts
DEFINITION 24 Interventions that allow clients to slow the process down and hear their own thoughts more clearly; see the larger picture TERM 25
Restatement
DEFINITION 25 Repeating or rephrasing of thecontentor meaning of a client's statements
Open Question for Feelings
A question about the feelings of a client; most direct way of exploring feelings TERM 32
Ethics
DEFINITION 32 Standards that ensure professionals provide quality services and are respectful of the rights of the people with whom they work;followingthe laws and rules that govern one's profession TERM 33
Autonomy
DEFINITION 33 The right of the customer and provider to make choices and take actions, provided the results do not adversely affect others TERM 34
Beneficence
DEFINITION 34 The intent to do good by helping and promoting growth in others. TERM 35
Nonmaleficence
DEFINITION 35 Interventions used should not inadvertently harm the client
Justice
Fairness or ensuring equality of opportunities and resources for all people TERM 37
Veracity
DEFINITION 37 Telling the truth TERM 38
Fidelity
DEFINITION 38 Keeping promises and being trustworthy in relationships with others TERM 39
Steps to work with Ethical Dilemmas
DEFINITION 39 ABCDE - assessment, benefit, consequences & consultation, duty & documentation, education TERM 40
Atttending
DEFINITION 40 Orienting self physically toward clients to indicate you are paying attention. Using mostly nonverbal behaviors to facilitate clients in talking openly about thoughts and feelings
Emotional Insight
Insights that connects affect to intellect and creates a sense of personal involvement and responsibility. TERM 47
Psychosexual Stages
DEFINITION 47 Oral, Anal, Latent, Genital TERM 48
Oedipal & Electra
Complex
DEFINITION 48 Conflict that leads to children to give up the opposite-sex parent as a sex object and identify and ally with the parent of the same sex. TERM 49
Id
DEFINITION 49 Primitive urges that seek immediate gratification TERM 50
Ego
DEFINITION 50 Helps delay gratification and negotiate with the outside world
Superego
Morals, ideas TERM 52
Defense Mechanisms
DEFINITION 52 Unconscious methods for dealing with anxiety through denial or distortion of reality. TERM 53
Levels of Consciousness
DEFINITION 53 Unconscious, Preconscious, Conscious TERM 54
Repression
DEFINITION 54 Not allowing painful material into one's conscious thought TERM 55
Intellectualization
DEFINITION 55 Avoiding painful feelings by focusing on ideas
Undoing
Behaving in a ritualistic manner to take away or make amends for unacceptable behaviors TERM 62
Reaction Formation
DEFINITION 62 Acting in a manner that is opposite to what one is feeling TERM 63
Sublimation
DEFINITION 63 Changing unacceptable impulses into socially appropriate actions TERM 64
Rationalization
DEFINITION 64 Making excuses for an anxiety-producing thought or behavior TERM 65
Patterns of Attachment
DEFINITION 65 Secure, Anxious-Ambivalent, Anxious-Avoidant
Secure Attachment
As an infant, explored freely in their mother's presence, showed some anxiety upon separation, and were easily comforted when reunited. TERM 67
Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment
DEFINITION 67 As an infant, anxious and angry, tended to cling to mothers to an extent that interfered with exploration. Distressed during separation and difficult to comfort when reunited with mothers. TERM 68
Anxious-Avoidant Attachment
DEFINITION 68 As an infant, showed minimal interest in mothers and displayed minimal affect throughout observation. TERM 69
Free Associate
DEFINITION 69 Say whatever thoughts come to mind without censure as a meant o make the unconscious conscious TERM 70
Transference
DEFINITION 70 Placing on the therapist characteristics that belong to other people with whom one has unresolved issues
ABC Model
Activating Event, Irrational Beliefs, Consequent negative emotional reactions or behaviors. Clients make the assumption that events cause emotions, but Ellis believes that irrational beliefs lead to negative emotions. TERM 77
Two-Chair Technique
DEFINITION 77 Method used when there is a marker of a major conflict expressed with two opposing sides. Helper asks the client to put one side of a conflict in one chair and speak from that side. Once the client has expressed feelings, he or she is asked to move to another chair and talk from that side with full expression of feelings. TERM 78
Open Question for Insight
DEFINITION 78 Open question that invites clients to think about deeper meanings for their thoughts, feelings, or behaviors. TERM 79
Four Universal Existential Concerns
DEFINITION 79 Death anxiety, Freedom, Isolation, Meaning of Life TERM 80
Disclosures of Insight
DEFINITION 80 The helper's presentation of a personal experience in which he or she gained some insight.
Inquiries about the Relationship
First subtype of immediacy; helper invites the client to share feelings about the therapeutic relationship. These inquiries are thus probes into the client's reactions to the relationship. AKA Process Statements. "I wonder what your reactions to the session are today?" TERM 82
Statement of his or her reactions to the client
DEFINITION 82 Second subtype of immediacy; helper shares his or her own feelings and reactions to the client. "I feel closer to you today.." TERM 83
Making the covert overt
DEFINITION 83 Third subtype of immediacy; anything that happens in the relationship is open for processing to see whether something is going on in the relationship. "You seemed angry when I said that.." TERM 84
Drawing parallels with outside relationships
DEFINITION 84 Fourth subtype of immediacy; Helper wonders out loud whether the client has reactions to him or her that are similar to those that the client has to others. "You mentioned that no one understands you. I wonder if you're saying that I don't understand you?" TERM 85
Steps for Interpretive Interventions
DEFINITION 85 Set the Stage, Look for Markers of Client Readiness for Insight, Determine Intentions, Implement the Insight Skills, Follow Up, Ask Client for His or Her Current Understanding
Positive Reinforcer
An event, behavior, privilege, or material object whose addition increases the likelihood of a behavioroccurringagain TERM 92
Shaping
DEFINITION 92 The gradual training of a complex response by reinforcing closer and close approximations to the desired behavior. TERM 93
Punishment
DEFINITION 93 An event, behavior, privilege, or material object which occurs after a behavior and reduces the probability that the behavior will occur again. TERM 94
Three Punishment Procedures
DEFINITION 94 Presenting an adverse event, Removing a person from a situation in which she or he would otherwise be able to earn reinforcers, Reducing a person's collection of reinforcers TERM 95
Generalization
DEFINITION 95 The transfer of learning from one situation to similar situations.
Extinction
Reducing the probability of a behavior occurring by withholding reinforcers after the behavior is established. TERM 97
Modeling
DEFINITION 97 When a person observes another person (a model) perform a behavior and receive consequences. TERM 98
Open Question for Action
DEFINITION 98 Questions which invite clients to explore action goals. TERM 99
Giving Information
DEFINITION 99 Supplying data, opinions, facts, resources, answers to questions, or opinions. TERM 100
Feedback about the Client
DEFINITION 100 Giving information to the client about his or her behavior or impact on others
