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Multiple Choice Questions, Emotion psychology, Lecture notes of Psychology

University of Pennsylvania (UPenn)Psychology

Exam 1 Multiple Choice Questions and Short Answers of Emotion psychology

Typology: Lecture notes

2020/2021

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UNIVERSITY OF WINDSOR
PSYCHOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Exam 1
Positive Psychology – Psyc 441 - Fall 2005 – Dr. Ken Hart ([email protected])
NOTE: This exam tests your knowledge of Seligman’s 2004 book, “Authentic
Happiness”. There are two parts. Part A consists of 60 multiple-choice questions
(MCQs). These are shown below. Part B consists of 15 short answer questions.
These are show at the end of the MCQs. You should answer any 10 of the 15.
PART A: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. What is the state of the evidence to suggest strengths and virtues are derived from negative motivation?
a. there is no such evidence*
b. the evidence is weak due to inconsistencies
c. the balance of the evidence favors the suggestion that negative motivation does underly positive
motivation
2. Seligman discusses how positive psychology has identified 24 strengths from the list of 18,000 English words
referring to personality traits. Valor and kindness are among the 24. Which of the following are not included in the
24?
a. intelligence
b. perfect pitch
c. punctuality
d. all of the above*
3. Which of the following comprises the short list of six ‘core’ virtues?
a. wisdom, courage, love, leadership, temperance, spirituality/transcendence
b. wisdom, courage, love, justice, temperance, optimism
c. wisdom, courage, love, justice, temperance, spirituality/transcendence*
4. Seligman describes the “PANAS” as a psychological test developed by Watson, Clarke and Tellegen. Included on
the test are items such as “interested’ “exited’, “enthusiastic’, ‘proud’, ‘alert’ and ‘inspired’ . What theoretical
construct doe these items purport to measure?
a. absence of negative affect
b. optimism
c. strong positive sense of internal control
d. positive affect*
Indicate whether the following are true or false
5. Happy people show a bias in which they ‘over-remember’ good events and “under-remember” bad events
(*T = a and F = b)
6. Depressed people are more accurate than happy people in remembering good and bad events
(*T = a and F = b)
7. Happy people are lopsided in their beliefs about their successes and failures
(*T = a and F = b)
8. Seligman describes a longitudinal study which linked positive emotions to productivity in occupational settings. In
this regard, ho do happier people differ from their less happy counterparts at work?
a. they receive better evaluations from their supervisors
b. they get paid more money
c. they tend to be more extraverted and smoke more
d. both ‘a’ and ‘b’ above*
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UNIVERSITY OF WINDSOR

PSYCHOLOGY DEPARTMENT

Exam 1

Positive Psychology – Psyc 441 - Fall 2005 – Dr. Ken Hart ([email protected])

NOTE: This exam tests your knowledge of Seligman’s 2004 book, “Authentic

Happiness”. There are two parts. Part A consists of 60 multiple-choice questions

(MCQs). These are shown below. Part B consists of 15 short answer questions.

These are show at the end of the MCQs. You should answer any 10 of the 15.

PART A: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

  1. What is the state of the evidence to suggest strengths and virtues are derived from negative motivation? a. there is no such evidence* b. the evidence is weak due to inconsistencies c. the balance of the evidence favors the suggestion that negative motivation does underly positive motivation
  2. Seligman discusses how positive psychology has identified 24 strengths from the list of 18,000 English words referring to personality traits. Valor and kindness are among the 24. Which of the following are not included in the 24? a. intelligence b. perfect pitch c. punctuality d. all of the above*
  3. Which of the following comprises the short list of six ‘core’ virtues? a. wisdom, courage, love, leadership, temperance, spirituality/transcendence b. wisdom, courage, love, justice, temperance, optimism c. wisdom, courage, love, justice, temperance, spirituality/transcendence*
  4. Seligman describes the “PANAS” as a psychological test developed by Watson, Clarke and Tellegen. Included on the test are items such as “interested’ “exited’, “enthusiastic’, ‘proud’, ‘alert’ and ‘inspired’. What theoretical construct doe these items purport to measure? a. absence of negative affect b. optimism c. strong positive sense of internal control d. positive affect*

Indicate whether the following are true or false

  1. Happy people show a bias in which they ‘over-remember’ good events and “under-remember” bad events (*T = a and F = b)
  2. Depressed people are more accurate than happy people in remembering good and bad events (*T = a and F = b)
  3. Happy people are lopsided in their beliefs about their successes and failures (*T = a and F = b)
  4. Seligman describes a longitudinal study which linked positive emotions to productivity in occupational settings. In this regard, ho do happier people differ from their less happy counterparts at work? a. they receive better evaluations from their supervisors b. they get paid more money c. they tend to be more extraverted and smoke more d. both ‘a’ and ‘b’ above*
  1. Seligman describes an experiment conducted by Dr. Rick Snyner on the TV show “Good Morning America”. In terms of coping with adversity, what did Snyder’s experiment involve and what did the results show? a. the experiment involved holding ones hand in a bucket of ice and it showed happy people have better pain tolerance* b. the experiment involved holding one’s breath and it showed unstable causal attributions facilitate greater ability to withstand the discomfort of not breathing c. the experiment involved exposure to very loud uncontrollable noise and showed tolerance for noise is better when thinking happy thoughts compared to sad thoughts d. the experiment involved putting one’s bare foot under a heat lamp and it showed that optimists where better able to withstand the discomfort of burning sensations than pessimists.
  2. Seligman describes research by Dr. Barbara Fredrickson suggesting that positive emotions can ‘undo’ the adverse after-effects of negative emotions. What did Fredrickson’s research involve? a. writing about negative life events followed by writing about positive events b. analysis of 292 diaries/journals kept by students over the period of a semester c. exposing research participants to “positive” films/videos and monitoring their heart rate*
  3. In Chapter 4 “Can you make yourself lastingly happier?, Seligman presents his happiness formula (H=S+C+V) Which of the following is NOT part of the formula? a. lack of value placed on materialism* b. genetic limits on range of possible happiness c. environmental circumstances/situations d. exercising personal will power/effort

Seligman reviews research linking wealth to happiness. In this regard, identify whether the following statements are true or false

  1. Value placed on money, rather than money itself influences how happy people are (*T = a and F = b)
  2. Materialism seems to be counterproductive in terms of subjective enjoyment of life (*T = a and F = b)
  3. In almost all cultures that have been studied, people who have the highest incomes also tend to be markedly happier than their poorer counterparts (*T = a and F = b)
  4. In Western cultures, research has documented, as an established fact, that married people (or those cohabitating, are happier than unmarried or non-cohabitating counterparts. Why is this?

a. the close proximity of a partner provides more emotional support which carries benefits to well being b. unhappy people find it very difficult to get and stay married/cohabitated c. people who are genetically happy are particularly likely to attract romantic partners and live with them d. all of the above*

Research shows that relative to their less happy counterparts, happier people have a richer and more fulfilling social life. In this regard, is the following statement true or false.

  1. The balance of the evidence points to the interpretation that socializing more will cause people to become more happy (T = a and *F = b)
  2. Research on the association between negative emotions and positive emotions suggests they are polar opposites on the same basic dimension (T = a and *F = b)
  3. In a medical health context, which is more strongly related to happiness? a. objectively defined good health as determined by a medical doctor b. subjectively perceived health status as appraised by the patient* c. both ‘a’ and ‘b’ above show similar associations to happiness
  1. Seligman argues that ________ can be identified, nurtured and amplified but that _______ can not. a. gratifications; pleasures b. pleasures; gratifications* c. positive emotions; negative emotions d. optimism; pessimism
  2. The pleasures are concerned with ___________ a. eudaimonia b. the bodily senses and the emotions and positive perceptions* c. enacting personal strengths and virtues (right action) d. both ‘a’ and ‘b’ above
  3. The gratifications are concerned with ___________ a. eudaimonia b. the bodily senses and the emotions and positive perceptions c. enacting personal strengths and virtues (right action) d. both ‘a’ and ‘b’ above*
  4. How do you pronounce the name of the eastern European researcher Dr. Czikzentmihalyi? a. cheek-sent-me-high* b. zick-ant-mile c. shick-zen-hale
  5. ”Flow” is a positive psychology variables that has been studied by eastern European researcher Dr. Czikzentmihalyi. Flow involves which of the following? a. intense positive emotions of elation/euphoria b. timelessness c. intense concentration/involvement/engagement d. both ‘b’ and ‘c’ above* e. ‘a’ and ‘b’ and ‘c’ above
  6. Seligman speculates that one of the reasons for the high rates of depression in our society is that Western culture a. is psychologically fat and flabby? b. Has corrupt moral standards c. Has a terribly unhealthy diet d. None of the above*
  7. Which of the following would be an example of a shortcut to the pleasures that might result in a neglect of the gratifications a. eating food that pleases the palate b. watching TV/movies that have high entertainment value c. drinking alcohol or taking recreational drugs d. all of the above*
  8. Seligman believes there is a powerful antidote to the epidemic of depression in young people in the Western world. He suggests that people who are depressed or at high risk for depression do which of the following? a. decrease the pursuit of gratifications and increase the pursuit of pleasures b. decrease the pursuit of pleasures and increase the pursuit of gratifications* c. increase the rewards in life and decrease the punishments d. confess sins to a clergy person of their choosing and as Jesus/God/Allah/Mohamed for forgiveness
  9. Seligman believes people can experience deeply satisfying and lasting authentic happiness even if they lack authenticity and meaning in life, provided they help the needy on a consistent basis. (T = a and *F = b)
  10. Even if a person has only little or no sensual (bodily) pleasure in life, Seligman believes they can nevertheless achieve happiness by increasing the number of gratifications in life. (*T = a and F = b)
  1. According to Seligman, what happens when a person is able to identify and make use of (exercise) their ‘signature strengths” a. their level of negative affect will go down b. their level of positive affect will go up c. their level of happiness and satisfaction in life will go up d. all of the above*
  2. The second half of Seligman’s book concerns itself with describing how __________ come(s) about and how to enhance this. a. a sense of pleasure b. a sense of gratification* c. unstable attributions for bad events d. internal attributions for good events

39._________- is about repairing damage and about moving from plenty of negative mental health to less amounts of negative mental health a. the field of positive psychology b. the field of abnormal and clinical psychology* c. the field of consciousness studies (eg., dreaming research) d. the practice of hypnosis therapy

  1. A person who consistently exercises will power and exerts effort to engage in acts of courage, wisdom or temperance is a. likely to feel a sense of gratification b. an optimistic person who makes unstable attributions c. enacting virtues d. both ‘a’ and ‘c’ above*
  2. While strengths of character often produce good consequences in our culture, _____________ a. they don’t necessarily need to have positive consequences to be defined as a strength b. they (strengths) are valued in their own right c. they (strengths) are esteemed in diverse cultures d. all of the above*
  3. What effect does the display of a bona-fide strength by one person have on observers who might witness the display? a. Observers often feel diminished because they feel relatively less virtuous b. Observers often feel elevated, uplifted, and inspired* c. Through the process of downward comparison, observers will fell inferior d. Through the process of upward comparison, observers will fell superior to others
  4. According to Seligman, curiosity, interest in the world, love of learning, ingenuity, originality, and perspective taking are routs to which virtue? a. courage b. valor c. wisdom* d. transcendence e. none of the above
  5. According to Seligman, appreciation of beauty, gratitude, hope, forgiveness & humor are routes to which virtue? a. courage b. valor c. wisdom d. none of the above*
  6. A signature strength __________________ a. is defined as a sense of ownership or authenticity b. is a person’s highest personal strength c. can be assessed by using the Values in Action Inventory of Strengths (VAIS) d. both ‘b’ and ‘c’ above*
  1. Finchman and Bradbury have studied optimistic and pessimistic explanations in happy and unhappy marriages. Their results suggest __________________ a. optimistic couples make temporary and specific explanations for bad relationship events but make permanent and pervasive explanations for good events* b. when two pessimists are married together, they can empathize with each other due to shared perceptual style and their relationship is surprisingly happy and stable c. pessimistic couples make temporary and specific explanations for bad relationship events but make permanent and pervasive explanations for good events d. optimistic couples make temporary and specific explanations for good relationship events but make permanent and pervasive explanations for bad events
  2. In his chapter on “Raising Children’, Seligman offers three parenting principles. In this regard, which of the following was not one of these principles? a. parents should devote approximately 75% of their contact time with children to positive reinforcement of conforming behaviour and only about 25% of their time to punishing deviant behavior* b. parents should inculcate positive emotions in their children because this helps to build intellectual, social and physical coping resources that contribute to mastery and wellness c. parents should inculcate positive emotions in their children because it helps them adopt a ‘better’ way of thinking and better ways of acting d. both ‘b’ and ‘c’ above*
  3. n his chapter on child rearing, Seligman describes practices such as making a deal, synchrony games, bedtime nuggets, sibling rivalry and letting baby sleep with parents. What is the goal of these techniques? a. to make children obey parents more often b. to make children experience positive emotions more often* c. to make children better able to tell when they are likely to get rewarded and when they are likely to get punished d. to make children more independent and strong so they can stand on their own and less dependent and demanding on their parent’s time
  4. Like contentment, positive emotions about the pass can best be increased by ___________________ a. gratitude and forgiveness* b. learning to better recognize and dispute automatic pessimistic thoughts c. counteracting the numbing effects of habituation d. exercising your strengths and virtues
  5. Positive emotions about the future, like optimism, can best be increased by _______________ a. gratitude and forgiveness b. learning to better recognize and dispute automatic pessimistic thoughts* c. counteracting the numbing effects of habituation d. exercising your strengths and virtues e. both ‘c’ and ‘d’ above
  6. Seligman refers to positive emotions about the present as “pleasures” and “gratifications”. He suggests they can best be increased by _______________ a. gratitude and forgiveness b. learning to better recognize and dispute automatic pessimistic thoughts c. counteracting the numbing effects of habituation and by savoring and mindfulness d. exercising your strengths and virtues e. both ‘c’ and ‘d’ above*
  7. Absorption, engagement and flow involve a. the pleasures b. the absence of felt positive affect c. a sense of gratification d. both ‘b’ and ‘c’ above*

End of Part A +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

SIX (6) EXTRA CREDIT QUESTIONS (over)

NOTE: The following questions are optional. If you wish to attempt to answer the following questions, each correct answer will earn you extra credit points.

61. (extra credit 1). The key defining feature of _________ is the successful pursuit of positive feelings supplemented by the presence of attitudes and skills that amplify this type of happiness a. the pleasant life* b. the good (engaged) life c. the meaningful life 62. (extra credit 2). The key defining feature of _________ is successfully using your signature strengths to obtain abundant, authentic and sustained gratification while serving the needs of something larger than yourself a. the pleasant life b. the good (engaged) life c. the meaningful life* 63. (extra credit 3) The key defining feature of _________ is successfully using your signature strengths to obtain abundant, authentic and sustained gratification. a. the pleasant life b. the good (engaged) life* c. the meaningful life 64. (extra credit 4) Seligman divides the positive emotions into two categories: (1) pleasures and (2) gratifications (T = a and F = b) 65. (extra credit 5) Seligman argues that using your signature strengths to obtain gratification results in a life that feels and is “ authentic ”? (T = a and F = b) 66. (extra credit 6) Paradoxically, Seligman uses the term happiness and positive emotional well-being to refer to activities ( such as being absorbed by intrinsically interesting tasks ) that, by definition, have no feeling component when experienced in the present moment. (*T = a and F = b)

PART B: SHORT ANSWERS

NOTE: You should answer any 10 of the 15.

  1. Lisa Aspinwall, a professor at the University of Utah, won the second Templeton award for progress in Positive Psychology. She has done research involving the process of making important health-lifestyle decisions. She concluded that happier people may be smarter when it comes to precautionary health behaviour than unhappy people. In no more than one paragraph, describe Aspinwall’s research study.
  2. Research in Western cultures has documented that married people (or those cohabiting) are happier than unmarried people (or people who live alone). In no more than two short paragraphs, give two explanations to account for this statistical fact (one very brief paragraph per explanation).
  3. Seligman describes the phone call received by Dr. Everett Worthington on New Year’s day 1996. Dr. Worthington’s brother exclaimed, “ Mama’s been murdered. There was blood on the carpets, and walls …” As a result of his research on forgiveness, Dr. Worthington wrote a book describing a 5-step process that leads to unburdening of hatred and development of forgiveness. The acronym for this process is R.E.A.C.H. Describe in no more than 10 sentences what each letter stands for (maximum of 2 sentences per letter).