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TEAS 7 Muscular System Latest Update 2023
What 3 muscles make up the muscle system? - ✅✅✅Skeletal Smooth Cardiac Skeletal muscles are used for - ✅✅✅voluntary actions Examples if voluntary actions using the skeletal muscle - ✅✅✅walking jumping smiling eye movement maintenance of posture walking jumping smiling eye movement maintenance of posture Are all under the control of the ----- nervous system - ✅✅✅somatic nervous system The muscles that coordinate voluntary movements are attached to bone by ---- and the bone is moved when the muscle ------ - ✅✅✅tendons shortens
Skeletal muscles work with the ------, ------, and ------- to support and stabilize the joints - ✅✅✅Skeletal muscles work with the tendons, ligaments, and bone to support and stabilize the joints Contraction of smooth muscle is voluntary OR involuntary and under the somatic nervous system or autonomic nervous system? - ✅✅✅Contraction of smooth muscle is involuntary and under the autonomic nervous system What is the name of the process in the gastrointestinal tract where smooth muscle contracts rhythmically to propel food along the gastrointestinal tract? - ✅✅✅Peristalsis Blood pressure is regulated by contraction and relaxation of the ----- muscle within the vessel wall - ✅✅✅smooth muscle Vasoconstriction ----- blood pressure and ----- blood flow? - ✅✅✅Vasoconstriction increases blood pressure and decreases blood flow Vasodilation ----- blood pressure and ----- blood flow? - ✅✅✅Vasodilation decreases blood pressure and increases blood flow ----- muscle of the heart contracts to pump blood throughout the body - ✅✅✅Cardiac muscle of the heart contracts to pump blood throughout the body PERIPHERAL CIRCULATORY ASSISTANCE - ✅✅✅
of the cutaneous arterioles contract involuntarily to reduce the blood flow near the surface of the skin. This minimizes heat lost to the environment. Arrector pili muscles also contract, causing hairs to stand on end in an attempt to trap --- ----. If the core body temperature drops, shivering reflex is triggered by the posterior -------- --------. Shivering involuntary shuddering, caused by the rapid contracting and relaxing of -------- muscles. Contraction of these muscles requires the hydrolysis of ATP, and this exothermic reaction releases energy in the form of heat. Some heat is also generated as a result of friction b/w the sliding filaments of the muscle. When thermoreceptors detect a rise in temperature, the anterior ------- tells the -------- muscles that surround cutaneous arterioles to relax. Vasodilation allows more blood to flow near the ------ of the skin, and heat is lost to the environment - ✅✅✅When thermoreceptors detect a drop in temperature, impulses are sent to the posterior hypothalamus, which then sends signals to the effectors. Smooth muscles in the walls of the cutaneous arterioles contract involuntarily to reduce the blood flow near the surface of the skin. This minimizes heat lost to the environment. Arrector pili muscles also contract, causing hairs to stand on end in an attempt to trap warm air. If the core body temperature drops, shivering reflex is triggered by the posterior hypothalamus. Shivering involuntary shuddering, caused by the rapid contracting and relaxing of skeletal muscles. Contraction of these muscles requires the hydrolysis of ATP, and this exothermic reaction releases energy in the form of heat. Some heat is also generated as a result of friction b/w the sliding filaments of the muscle. When thermoreceptors detect a rise in temperature, the anterior hypothalamus tells the smooth muscles that surround cutaneous arterioles to relax. Vasodilation allows more blood to flow near the surface of the skin, and heat is lost to the environment SAGITTAL PLANE OF MOTION - ✅✅✅
Sagittal plane - ✅✅✅divides body into left and right Flexion - ✅✅✅Decrease the angle between 2 body parts Ex: bending the elbow Extension - ✅✅✅Increasing the angle between 2 body parts Ex: Straightening the elbow Dorsiflexion - ✅✅✅Ankle flexion (moving toes toward the shin) Plantar flexion - ✅✅✅Ankle extension (moving the toes toward the ground/ pointing the toes) FRONTAL PLANE OF MOTION - ✅✅✅ Frontal plane - ✅✅✅Divides the body into front/ anterior and back/ posterior portions. Adduction - ✅✅✅movement toward the midline or to the body Ex: Bringing the arm to the body Abduction - ✅✅✅Movement away from the midline of the body Ex: moving the arm away from the body Elevation - ✅✅✅Scapula movement
Horizontal abduction - ✅✅✅The angle between 2 joints increases on the horizontal plane Rotation - ✅✅✅Pivoting or twisting on the axis (turning the head left or right) Skeletal muscle is under ------ control - ✅✅✅somatic/ voluntary control Skeletal muscle is involved in the movement of - ✅✅✅bone, support, thermoregulation, and venous return to the heart Are skeletal muscles striated? - ✅✅✅yes structure of skeletal muscle - ✅✅✅striated voluntary single skeletal myocyte is cylinder-shaped Has many nuclei striated voluntary single skeletal myocyte is cylinder-shaped Has many nuclei - ✅✅✅skeletal muscle Smooth muscle is under ----- control - ✅✅✅autonomic/ involuntary control
Where are smooth muscle tissues found - ✅✅✅walls of hollow organs vessels aids in movement of food/ blood involuntary non striated spindle shaped uninucleate - ✅✅✅smooth muscle Structure of smooth muscle - ✅✅✅involuntary non striated spindle shaped uninucleate Cardiac muscle is under ----- control - ✅✅✅involuntary/ autonomic control Where is cardiac muscle found? - ✅✅✅Walls of heart and required for the pumping of blood Structure of cardiac muscle - ✅✅✅Branched Striated Uninucleate Connected with intercalated discs with gap junctions
A form of smooth endoplasmic reticulum that is specialized to store and release calcium ions - ✅✅✅sarcoplasmic reticulum The T-tubules are sandwiched between two enlarged chambers of the sarcoplasmic reticulum called ------ -----. The "sandwich" makes up a structure called the ----- - ✅✅✅terminal cisternae triad When the impulses reaches the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the calcium channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane open, releasing ---- ions that ultimately cause ----- of the muscle. ATP powered calcium pumps within the sarcoplasmic reticulum pump calcium back into the SR to relax the muscle. - ✅✅✅When the impulses reaches the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the calcium channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane open, releasing calcium ions that ultimately cause contraction of the muscle. ATP powered calcium pumps within the sarcoplasmic reticulum pump calcium back into the SR to relax the muscle. CONTRACTILE APPARATUS - ✅✅✅ What is the contractile apparatus? - ✅✅✅A unit within muscle tissue that is specialized for contraction A unit within muscle tissue that is specialized for contraction - ✅✅✅contractile apparatus The structure of the contractile apparatus is similar among striated muscle tissues and consists of a repeating unit called a - ✅✅✅sarcomere
Sarcomere - ✅✅✅Contractile unit of muscle fiber Tens of thousands of sarcomeres lie end to end to form a - ✅✅✅myofibril One sarcomere is separated from another by a boundary called the - ✅✅✅Z line What happens at the Z line - ✅✅✅Where a network of proteins serve as a point of anchorage for actin (thin filaments) Where a network of proteins serve as a point of anchorage for actin (thin filaments) - ✅✅✅Z line --- think filaments (actin) surround a ---think filament (myosin) - ✅✅✅6 think filaments (actin) surround a single think filament (myosin) Does actin and myosin change length during contraction - ✅✅✅NO Actin and myosin do NOT change length during contraction. Instead.... - ✅✅✅The arrangement of actin and myosin allow them to slide over each other when myosin heads pull on actin, causing the sarcomeres to shorten and the muscle to contract When a muscle contracts, the sarcomere - ✅✅✅shortens TRUE or FALSE
inflow of calcium triggers the release of even more calcium from the ------ ------. Calcium ions cause the cardiac muscle to ---- in a similar manner to skeletal muscle cells (sliding filament mechanism). - ✅✅✅As the impulse travels through the sarcolemma of a cardiac muscle cell, voltage gated calcium ion channels open, allowing the entry of extracellular calcium. The inflow of calcium triggers the release of even more calcium from the sarcoplasmic retiuculum. Calcium ions cause the cardiac muscle to contract in a similar manner to skeletal muscle cells (sliding filament mechanism). TRUE or FALSE The skeletal muscle cells do NOT generate their own action potential - ✅✅✅TRUE Is action potential more prolonged in cardiac cells or skeletal muscle cells? - ✅✅✅cardiac cells Sympathetic stimulation ----- heart rate while parasympathetic stimulation (the vagus nerve) ----- heart rate - ✅✅✅Sympathetic stimulation increases heart rate while parasympathetic stimulation (the vagus nerve) decreases heart rate Epinephrine secreted from the adrenal medulla and thyroxine from the thyroid gland both - ✅✅✅increase heart rate What is oxygen debt? - ✅✅✅The amount of oxygen required to restore metabolic conditions to resting levels Aerobic respiration provides enough ATP for muscles to - ✅✅✅function
Stored ATP is quickly used up during intense exercise and a molecule called ------ ----- phosphorylates ADP to produce ATP - ✅✅✅creatine phosphate Anaerobic respiration supplies ATP for - ✅✅✅a short amount of time When oxygen levels are depletes, what accumulates? - ✅✅✅lactic acid (a byproduct of anaerobic respiration) What causes muscle fatigue? - ✅✅✅Lactic acid depletion of ATP and oxygen Where does lactic acid go that does not remain in the muscles - ✅✅✅Goes to liver where its converted to glucose The amount of oxygen required to accomplish this task and to replenish the levels of ATP and creatine phosphate is called - ✅✅✅oxygen debt What are the 2 involuntary muscles? - ✅✅✅cardiac and smooth Involuntary muscle tissues (smooth, cardiac) are innervated by motor neurons of the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the - ✅✅✅autonomic nervous system Motor pathways of the ANS consist of what 2 neurons? - ✅✅✅Preganglionic Postganglionic
What is the neuromuscular junction? - ✅✅✅The synapse between the neuron and muscle cell The neuron and the muscle cells that it innervates are collectively called a - ✅✅✅motor unit All the motor neurons that innervate the same muscle make up a - ✅✅✅motor pool When an action potential reaches an axon terminal, voltage gated calcium ions in the membrane are opened, and ---- enters. These ions bind to synaptic vesicles that store ------, causing them to fuse with the membrane and release acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft. Acetylcholine binds to ----- receptors on a folded portion of the sarcolemma known as the motor end plate. The permeability of the muscle cell changes, and the cell depolarizes. The action potential is taken into the muscle cell via T- tubules, causing calcium channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum to open. The release of calcium into the sarcoplasm causes the muscle to contract. - ✅✅✅When an action potential reaches an axon terminal, voltage gated calcium ions in the membrane are opened, and calcium enters. These ions bind to synaptic vesicles that store acetylcholine (ACh), causing them to fuse with the membrane and release acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft. Acetylcholine binds to nicotinic receptors on a folded portion of the sarcolemma known as the motor end plate. The permeability of the muscle cell changes, and the cell depolarizes. The action potential is taken into the muscle cell via T- tubules, causing calcium channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum to open. The release of calcium into the sarcoplasm causes the muscle to contract. Which of the following are the thick filaments in a muscle cell? A. Actin B. Myosin
C. Myofibrils D. Sarcomere - ✅✅✅B. Myosin Which of the following best describes the role of tendons? A. They connect muscle to bone B. They connect bone to bone C. They connect tendons to muscles D. They connect cartilage to bone - ✅✅✅A. They connect muscle to bone Which of the following types of muscle tissue is voluntary? - ✅✅✅A. Skeletal Which of the following muscles are located at the shoulder? - ✅✅✅A. Deltoids
