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My Earth’s Layers Foldable
Directions: Follow the steps of the directions carefully!!!
- Fill out the small squares at the bottom of this page with the information for each of the main layers of the Earth using the Welcome to Earth power point provided. Answer the summary questions that follow.
- Color the four layers as stated below:
Inner core – red Outer Core – orange Moho- yellow Mantle – green Oceanic Crust - black Continental Crust – brown Ocean – blue
- Now you may carefully cut out the layers, the small squares, the labels, the questions, and the title.
- Take two pieces of white paper. Set one piece in front of you on your desk. Fold up 2.5 inches and set paper aside. Take the second piece of paper and fold up 4 inches. Put the second paper inside the first paper. Place a staple in the middle of the folds to hold the papers together.
- Paste the “Inner Core” in the middle of the bottom section towards the top. Paste the title in the bottom corner on the right hand side.
- Paste the “Outer Core” as close as you can get it to the inner core on the 2nd^ section.
- Paste the “Mantle” as close as you can get it to the outer core on the 3rd^ section.
- Paste the “Crust” as close as you can get it to the mantle on the 4th^ section.
- Paste the small squares of information on the left hand side of the sections next to the corresponding layers. Hint – Atmosphere and Crust will go on the same section.
- Paste the labels where they belong on the layers to indicate the parts of the layers.
- Write your name and class hour in the upper left hand corner.
- Turn your foldable over and glue the questions/summary sentences box to the back.
Labels
Atmosphere
Crust
Continental Crust
Oceanic Crust
Oceanic Crust
Ocean
Moho
Mantle
Outer Core
Inner Core
Atmosphere
Composition:_________________ Thickness: _________________ State of matter: ______________ Temperature: ________________ Density: ___________________
Crust
Composition:_________________ Thickness: _________________ State of matter: ______________ Temperature: ________________ Density: ___________________
Mantle
Composition:_________________ Thickness: _________________ State of matter: ______________ Temperature: ________________ Density: ___________________
Outer Core
Composition:_________________ Thickness: _________________ State of matter: ______________ Temperature: ________________ Density: ___________________
Inner Core
Composition:_________________ Thickness: _________________ State of matter: ______________ Temperature: ________________ Density: ___________________
Questions: Answer the following questions from the reading packet.
- Why has no person ever gone deeper than six miles into the Earth?
- What did Isaac Newton discover about the structure of the Earth?
- Where does most of our knowledge about the Earth come from?
- Name the layers of Earth in order from most dense to least dense?
Summary Sentences: Write one summary sentence about some general ideas and patterns you have learned about the density, temperature, and pressure of Earth’s layers from the reading packet.
Sentence 1 (density): _________________________________________________________________________
Sentence 2 (temperature): _____________________________________________________________________
Sentence 3 (pressure): ________________________________________________________________________
Hutchinson
The Earth’s Layers
the densest type of crust (3.0 g/cm^3 ) and is made up of a metamorphic rock called basalt. Continental crust makes up the continents and rests on top of oceanic crust. Continental crust consists of less dense rock such as granite. Even though Continental crust is less dense (2.7 g/cm^3 ) it is much thicker than oceanic crust because it consists of the rocks that make up the continents.
Because the earth is very hot inside, a current of heat flows from the core to the crust. This is called convection current. This current cools as it rises closer to the surface of the earth. This convection current along the bottom of the crust causes the moving of the tectonic plates. The constant, movement of the plates is called plate tectonics. The movement of these plates is very slow but when they bump together it causes an earthquake. The combination of convection currents from the mantle and the effects of the atmosphere make the crust about -17.7 - 870C ( 0 -1598 F) from the surface to the bottom of the crust. The crust and atmosphere are the coolest of earth’s layers.
The Mantle
The layer beneath the crust and above the core is the mantle. It is 2,868 km kilometers (1,800 miles) thick and makes up nearly 80 percent of the earth’s total volume. The mantle has an average density of 4.5gcm3. The density increases with depth because the pressure increases. The mantle mainly consists of solid rocks made from silicon and magnesium. Deep into the mantle the rocks consist of magnesium and iron. Another reason that the mantle gets denser with depth is because the rocks at this level contain iron and iron is denser than the materials at the upper layers of the mantle. The temperature of the mantle also increases with depth. It ranges from 870 – 2200 C (1,598 – 3992 F).
In 1909, the Yugoslav scientist Andrija Mohorovocic (moh-hoh-ROH-vuh-chihch) observed a change in the speed of seismic waves as they moved through the earth. When the waves reached a depth of 32 to 64 kilometers below the earth’s surface, their speed increased. The change in the speed of the waves at this depth indicated a difference in the density of the rock. Mohorovicic discovered a boundary between the earth’s outermost layer and the mantle. In his honor, this boundary is now called the Moho.
The Core
The inner part of the earth is the core. This part of earth is about 2,900 kilometers (1,800 miles) below the earth’s surface. The core is a dense ball of the metals iron and nickel. After observing the speeds of P-waves and S- waves, scientists have concluded that the earth’s center is divided into two layers, the outer core and the inner core.
The Outer Core
The outer core is so hot the iron and nickel metals are always molten. Molten means liquid metal so this layer liquid. The outer core begins about 2900 kilometers below the surface. It is about 2300 kilometers (1429 miles) thick. Because the earth rotates, the outer core spins around the inner core and that causes the earth’s magnetism. Magnetism has been used by sailors to find their way on earth for thousands and thousands of years. Magnetism also influences particles outside the atmosphere of the earth up to more than 60, 000 kilometers (37,000 miles) into space. The outer core is about 2200– 5000 °C (3992- 9032 °F). The density of the outer core is between 10 g/cm^3 and 12. g/cm^3.
The Inner Core
The inner core is 5150 kilometers (3200 miles) below the earth’s surface. One would still have to travel about 1300 kilometers (808 miles) more to reach the center. The temperature in the inner core is about 5000 – 6000 °C (9032 – 10832 °F). It is made from the same materials as the outer core but because of the high pressure the inner core is solid. This high pressure and the dense metals at the core make its density about 13 g/cm^3.
Conclusion
Jules Vern’s “Journey to the Center of the Earth” tells a story of scientists that find a volcanic vent and follow it to the center of the earth. Their journey is filled with adventures of strange weather patterns, giant mushrooms, extinct dinosaurs, and crystal caverns. Verne was not the only person to be fascinated with the inside of the earth. But scientists could not use probes such as those used in outer space to explore the interior of the earth. Earth’s heat and pressure make this impossible. Volcanic vents occasionally bring up pieces of the earth from as deep as 150 kilometers, but these rocks are rare, and we have little hope of taking Jule’s Verne’s journey. Instead much of our knowledge about the structure of the earth comes from observing earthquakes. Earthquakes can be tremendously destructive for humans but provide information about the inside of the earth. By observing the behavior of seismic waves we have learned that the mantle is the thickest of earth’s layers, that the layers increase in temperature and density the deeper we go, and that the atmosphere protects us and allows life to exist on earth.
Sources:
The foldable: http://www.dinah.com
http://www.visionlearning.com
http://mediatheek.thinkquest.nl/~11125/en/struct/htm
Exploring Earth Science. 2nd ed. Needham, Massachusetts: Prentice Hall, 1997. 191-198, 307-316. Print.
http://www.metric-conversions.org/temperature/celsius-to-fahrenheit.htm
http://www.metric-conversions.org/length/kilometers-to-miles.htm
http://images.google.com/images?hl=en&source=hp&q=layers+of+the+earth&gbv=2&aq=f&oq=&aqi=g6g-m
rock called basalt. Continental crust makes up the continents and rests on top of oceanic crust. It consists of less dense rock such as granite. Even though Continental crust is less dense (2.7 g/cm^3 ) it is much thicker than oceanic crust because it consists of the rocks that make up the continents.
Because the earth is very hot inside, a current of heat flows from the core to the crust. This is called convection current. This current cools as it rises closer to the surface of the earth. This convection current along the bottom of the crust causes the moving of the tectonic plates. The constant, movement of the plates is called plate tectonics. The movement of these plates is very slow but when they bump together it causes an earthquake. The combination of convection currents from the mantle and the effects of the atmosphere make the crust about 0 - 37 °C (0 – 120 °F) on the surface. The crust and atmosphere are the coolest of earth’s layers.
The Mantle
The layer beneath the crust and above the core is the mantle. It is about 2,900 kilometers (1,800 miles) thick and makes up nearly 80 percent of the earth’s total volume. The mantle has an average density of 3.3 g/cm^3 to 5. g/cm^3. The density increases with depth because the pressure increases. The mantle mainly consists of solid rocks made from silicon and magnesium. Deep into the mantle the rocks consist of magnesium and iron. Another reason that the mantle gets denser with depth is because the rocks at this level contain iron and iron is denser than the materials at the upper layers of the mantle. The temperature of the mantle also increases with depth. It ranges from 1000 °C - 3700 °C (1800 °F – 6692 °F)
In 1909, the Yugoslav scientist Andrija Mohorovocic (moh-hoh-ROH-vuh-chihch) observed a change in the speed of seismic waves as they moved through the earth. When the waves reached a depth of 32 to 64 kilometers below the earth’s surface, their speed increased. The change in the speed of the waves at this depth indicated a difference in the density of the rock. Mohorovicic discovered a boundary between the earth’s outermost layer and the mantle. In his honor, this boundary is now called the Moho.
The Core
The inner part of the earth is the core. This part of earth is about 2,900 kilometers (1,800 miles) below the earth’s surface. The core is a dense ball of the metals iron and nickel. After observing the speeds of P-waves and S- waves, scientists have concluded that the earth’s center is divided into two layers, the outer core and the inner core.
The Outer Core
The outer core is so hot the iron and nickel metals are always molten. Molten means liquid metal so this layer liquid. The outer core begins about 2900 kilometers below the surface. It is about 2300 kilometers (1429 miles) thick. Because the earth rotates, the outer core spins around the inner core and that causes the earth’s magnetism. Magnetism has been used by sailors to find their way on earth for thousands and thousands of years. Magnetism also influences particles outside the atmosphere of the earth up to more than 60, 000 kilometers (37,000 miles) into space. The outer core is about 4000 – 5000 °C (7200- 9032 °F). The density of the outer core is between 10 g/cm^3 and 12. g/cm^3.
The Inner Core
The inner core is 5150 kilometers (3960 miles) below the earth’s surface. One would still have to travel about 1300 kilometers ( miles) more to reach the center. The temperature in the inner core is about 5000 – 6000 °C (9032 – 10832 °F). It is made from the same materials as the outer core but because of the high pressure the inner core is solid. This high pressure and the dense metals at the core make its density about 15 g/cm^3.
Conclusion
Jules Vern’s “Journey to the Center of the Earth” tells a story of scientists that find a volcanic vent and follow it to the center of the earth. Their journey is filled with adventures of strange weather patterns, giant mushrooms, extinct dinosaurs, and crystal caverns. Verne was not the only person to be fascinated with the inside of the earth. But scientists could not use probes such as those used in outer space to explore the interior of the earth. Earth’s heat and pressure make this impossible. Volcanic vents occasionally bring up pieces of the earth from as deep as 150 kilometers, but these rocks are rare, and we have little hope of taking Jule’s Verne’s journey. Instead much of our knowledge about the structure of the earth comes from observing earthquakes. Earthquakes can be tremendously destructive for humans but provide information about the inside of the earth. By observing the behavior of seismic waves we have learned that the mantle is the thickest of earth’s layers, that the layers increase in temperature and density the deeper we go, and that the atmosphere protects us and allows life to exist on earth.
Sources:
The foldable: http://www.dinah.com
http://www.visionlearning.com
http://mediatheek.thinkquest.nl/~11125/en/struct/htm
Exploring Earth Science. 2nd ed. Needham, Massachusetts: Prentice Hall, 1997. 191-198, 307-316. Print.
http://www.metric-conversions.org/temperature/celsius-to-fahrenheit.htm
http://www.metric-conversions.org/length/kilometers-to-miles.htm
http://images.google.com/images?hl=en&source=hp&q=layers+of+the+earth&gbv=2&aq=f&oq=&aqi=g6g-m
