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MCB41: Second Midterm Exam - Spring 2009, Lecture notes of Reasoning

Rice UniversityReasoning

A nondisjunction event occurred during either meiosis I or meiosis II in the father such that the sex chromosomes did not split properly. The sperm that ...

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2022/2023

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Name________________________ SID # _________________________
1
MCB41: Second Midterm Spring 2009
Before you start, print your name and student identification number
(S.I.D) at the top of each page. There are 7 pages including this page.
You will have 50 minutes for the 100-point exam. The value of each
question is given at the beginning of the question.
Place your answer on the front of the page. Only answers in that space
will be graded.
You may write in pencil; however, to preserve your rights to a regrade,
you must write your answers in pen.
Good luck!
______________________________________________________
This section is for grading. Do not write here.
1(30)_______ 2(10)_______ 3(10)_______ 4(20)_______
5(15)_______ 6(8)________ 7(7)________
EXAM SCORE: __________
pf3
pf4
pf5

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MCB41: Second Midterm Spring 2009 Before you start, print your name and student identification number (S.I.D) at the top of each page. There are 7 pages including this page. You will have 50 minutes for the 100-point exam. The value of each question is given at the beginning of the question. Place your answer on the front of the page. Only answers in that space will be graded. You may write in pencil; however, to preserve your rights to a regrade, you must write your answers in pen. Good luck!

This section is for grading. Do not write here. 1(30)_______ 2(10)_______ 3(10)_______ 4(20)_______ 5(15)_______ 6(8)________ 7(7)________ EXAM SCORE: __________

  1. (30 points) Mix and Match. Match the most appropriate term or statement from column 2 to the term or statement in column 1. Use each term or statement from column 2 only once. Column 1 Column 2 14_____ mtDNA 1. accumulates in babies with PKU
    1. results from hemoglobin defect 10_____testosterone 3. technique to detect DNA using fluorescently labeled probes 3_____FISH 4. Eugenics
    2. caused by nondisjunction 7_____carrier 6. Excess androgen in XX individuals
    3. heterozygous 5_____trisomy 21 8. XY individuals feminized
    4. twin studies 11_____SRY 10. regulated by SRY
    5. on the Y chromosome 1_____phenylalanine 12. Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis
    6. display of mitotic chromosomes 2_____Sickle Cell disease 14. maternally inherited
    7. temperature 8_____α hydroxyreductase deficiency 13_____karyotype 9_____evidence for gay gene(s) 15_____determines sex in some reptiles 6_____ Congenital adrenal hyperplasia 12_____uses selected embryos for fertilization 4______rationale for forced sterilization in U.S. 2 points for each correct answer
  1. (10 points) The genomes of 5 animals (R, M, H, C and F) were sequenced and analyzed. It appeared that overall the protein coding domains were conserved. The percentage of average conservation is shown in the table below R M H C F R 95% 79% 79% 25% M 95% 79% 79% 25% H 79% 79% 99% 25% C 79% 79% 99% 25% F 25% 25% 25% 25% To which animal is H to most related? (4 points) __C______ To which animal is R the most related? (4 points)___B_____ Fill in the animal’s name in the squares of the phylogenetic tree below (H is given) (2 points) ---------------------------------------F | ----------------------------------------C | | | -----H | ---------------------------R | ------M
  1. (20 points) Five propositions are listed below. The statements are either correct or there is something wrong with them. Pick four of the statements and briefly describe what is wrong with them. (5 points each) One of the Eugenic approaches in this country was to sterilize cattle that displayed negative traits. Humans, not cattle were sterilized. Fruitless is transcribed in male fruit flies but not in females to control male sexual behavior. Fruitless is transcribed in both males and females, but the mRNA is spliced differently in the two genders, leading to different sexual behavior. Polymerase Chain Reaction is preferentially used to amplify mtDNA sequences from samples of extinct species because the mitochondrial genome has so few genes. DNA degrades after an animal dies. Since there are thousands of copies of mtDNA in each cell, there is a better chance of retrieving mtDNA from a long-dead animal than nuclear DNA, of which there are only two copies per cell. The reason that geneticists believe Ashkenazi Jews have such a high frequency of Tay Sachs disease is because of the founder effect, in which carriers for the disease gene have an advantage because they are resistant to particular infectious diseases. The founder effect is where a small group splits off from the larger population, and, purely by chance, has a larger percentage of carriers for a disease gene than the original population. In mammals and in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster XXY individuals develop as males. XY flies will develop as females, because gender in flies is determined by the ratio of X chromosomes to sets of autosomes. Since XXY flies have two X chromosomes and two sets of autosomes, they will develop as females.
  1. (8 points) Allan Wilson and his colleagues proposed that modern humans evolved in Africa about 200,000 years ago. Explain how analysis of variation in mtDNA among different groups of people led Allan Wilson to conclude that humans originated in Africa. mtDNA of Africans is more diverse than any other group of people. This led the investigators to postulate that Africans have been around longer than any other group, allowing their mtDNA sequences to accumulate more differences. You could have used a diagram to explain this idea.
  2. (7 points) Below is a pedigree for a genetic disease. Define the individuals that have the same mtDNA and Y chromosome as the affected male that is circled. Use the nomenclature generation-number. The circled individual is III-3. I II III IV 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 same Y: II- same mtDNA: I-1, II-2, -3, -4, III- points were taken off for the wrong answer.